John Proctor and comment Essay

The first opening scene is of some girls in the woods using magical rites to get the man of their dreams. The girls are mentioning the names of men they want and throwing what looks like herbs into a cauldron one girl gives a chicken to a black girl called Tituba who is at the side of the cauldron, and at this point she looks like the leader in these magical rites. The girls all shout at Tituba to make a spell to make the boys fall in love with them. One girl asks Abigail who she likes and another replies ‘John Proctor’ and then Abigail whispers something to Tituba who doesn’t seem to like what is being asked of her. Abigail then grabs the chicken from Tituba and throws it on the floor and then puts the blood of the chicken on her mouth. The girls are suddenly alerted to a man spying on them he even sees one of the girls naked they become hysterical and the next day we find that two of the younger girls have gone into a trance-like state probably because they were frightened of the consequences of their actions. The watcher’s daughter Betty Parriss was one of the girls in a trance. The watcher was none other than Reverend Samuel Parriss who is also the uncle of Abigail Williams. Reverend Parriss is terrified by what he has seen. He is quite hysterical as he knows that if a witch was to live within his own home the fingers of the village of Salem would point towards him and his days in the Church would be over, but even worse they could hang him. The Reverend questions Abigail in Betty’s bedroom, whilst she is in the trance like state,on what he has witnessed in the woods and he warns her that his whole life depends upon her answering ‘truthfully’. He knows he has many enemies in the village and needs Abigail to tell him the ‘truth’. This would of course be the truth that he wished to hear and it appears from his hysteria that he wants anything but the truth. At this point Abigail actually answers quite truthfully and tries to explain to her Uncle that they were only messing about by saying ‘it were sport, uncle. ‘

Planning for Hypertexts in the Writing Center…Or No Essay

Michael Pemberton asserts in his article â€Å"Planning for Hypertexts in the Writing Center†¦Or Not†, that this new age of technology brings with it a dilemma facing writing centers that stems from the perceived need for writing centers to assimilate hypertexts into their topics mentored, the willingness of the writing centers to accommodate hypertexts and if there is a need, how would writing centers meet such needs. There is no dilemma here because writing centers need not treat hypertexts any differently than any other text (Pemberton). They already have tutors working in specific areas of expertise. Tutors with expertise in hypertext can be found. Pemberton also brings up the rationale that a relatively small number of clients will be writing hypertexts anyway so centers don’t need to worry about it. Pemberton doesn’t discount the challenges faced by writing centers in assimilating into the technological age. As writing centers had always been primarily interpersonal interaction, many feel that the advancing technology is a threat to this interaction (Pemberton). The advent of chat rooms and email tutoring has lessened this perceived threat. He notes that finding articulate tutors may be very difficult, especially for small schools without many resources (Pemberton). Another challenge lies in providing training for tutors. But the challenges do not appear to outweigh the advantages. Times change; language changes; writing changes. That is a constant we can rely on. Writing centers have adapted and will continue to adapt to the changes coming their way. Critique/Comments Michael Pemberton in his article â€Å"Planning for Hypertexts in the Writing Center†¦Or Not† provides a comprehensive history of the goals and functions of writing centers from the 1930s-1990s. He presents a possible problem facing writing centers and possible solutions to the problem, without bias or emphasis on one or the other. His straightforward writing allows the reader to come to a conclusion about the future of writing centers and the necessity of assimilating hypertext into tutoring topics. Pemberton provides much commentary from experts in the field of writing centers and tutoring so his own take does not sway the reader. As change occurred throughout the history involving writing centers, the writing centers and their tutors adapted to the needs of their clients. Pemberton assures that no matter what those needs become, writing centers will naturally meet those needs. While some worry that the computer age will depersonalize the interaction between tutor and tutee, it is clear that the communication tools available via the Internet have not hindered interpersonal relationships in or out of writing centers. Pemberton, a director of the Georgia Southern University Writing Center does not appear to have any motive in his article save to inform readers that â€Å"writing centers will hold† ( ) as the title of one of his books says. Perhaps he merely wants to put to rest any fear felt by the technologically hesitant. Technological advancement is here to stay but rest assured by Michael Pemberton that the writing centers will advance right along with it. Pemberton, Michael A. â€Å"Planning for Hypertexts in the Writing Center†¦ Or Not† In The St. Martin’s Sourcebook for Writing Tutors. 3rd Ed. Christina Murphy and Steve Sherwood. Boston. New York: Bedford/ St. Martin’s, 2008:294-308.

We should not add our parents in facebook

We should not add our parents as friend on backbone According to the statistic updated in year 2013, there are total numbers of 1. 26 billion of Backbone users. It is common to have a Backbone account, vice versa. The percentage of teenagers that add their parents as friend on Backbone Is 70%. 70% of them think that there is no problem to add their parents as friends on Backbone. However, It Is my view that I should not add my parents as friends on Backbone as It retrains me from being myself, Invades my privacy and makes me feel embarrassed.As I am a normal 18 years old teenager, I have a Backbone account too. I have added my mum as friend 3 years ago. When the first time I posted a selfless of myself on my Backbone wall, my mum mandated me to delete the photo. The reason she said Is, â€Å"The photo Is ugly, don't put out your tongue when you take a picture! † I had followed what she want me to do, but also remove her from my friend list. There are millions type of me inside , my mum want me to be a teenager that has good image, but what I want to do is being myself.I think adding parents as friends on Backbone retrain me room being myself. There is no freedom to post a picture or a post on my Backbone, as parents will afraid that we have no good impression in others mind. In addition, there are no privacy between me and my parents if I added them as my friends on Backbone account. It is because they can see whatever things you post on your Backbone wall. They will constantly stalking your page and bombarding you with questions that make you feel like you have no social life or privacy.When you post a status written about you are feeling blue today, your parents will try to know about hat happen on you even though you choose not to tell them. Although it is a responsibility of parent to know more about their children, but there is a wall of privacy between parent and children. If children choose to make the thing happen on them as a secret to their pare nts, but they want to share it with friends, they will face â€Å"to be or not to be, that is a question. † Lastly, adding parents as my Backbone friend make me feel embarrassing.As I am from different generations with my parents, we would have different views and thoughts on certain things. My parents judge me In a way that make me feel uncomfortable, misunderstood, or even worse, embarrassed as they are made fun and chastised by my friends because of Judgments made by my parents. When they comment on each of my picture and post, they TLD notice that the comment sounds like talking to a small kid. They treat me childishly Like a kid as they didn't notice that I am already an 18 years old teenager. It Is so embarrassing If my friend see what they comment.As a result, there are many disadvantages If teenagers add their parents as friends on Backbone. Therefore, teenagers should not add their parents on Backbone. Whether the reasons are for being themselves, privacy or image pr oblem, they should delete their parents from the friend list. We should not add our parents in backbone By Koala-Neon percentage of teenagers that add their parents as friend on Backbone is 70%. 70% of However, it is my view that I should not add my parents as friends on Backbone as it retrains me from being myself, invades my privacy and makes me feel embarrassed.Backbone wall, my mum mandated me to delete the photo. The reason she said is, â€Å"The photo is ugly, don't put out your tongue when you take a picture! † I had followed would have different views and thoughts on certain things. My parents Judge me in a parents. When they comment on each of my picture and post, they didn't notice that the comment sounds like talking to a small kid. They treat me childishly like a kid as they didn't notice that I am already an 18 years old teenager. It is so embarrassing if my friend see what they comment. As a result, there are many disadvantages if

The Economy, Monetary Policy, and Monopolies Research Paper

The Economy, Monetary Policy, and Monopolies - Research Paper Example The research paper "The Economy, Monetary Policy, and Monopolies" analyzes the American economy which has undergone a difficult period during the last five years because of a global recession. Some people believe that the economic problems were already over whereas others are of the view that these problems still persist. Since 2009, interest rates in America remain stationary at around .25%. In all probabilities, interest rates may remain in its present form at least for the next couple of years in order to support the economic revival. It should be noted that entrepreneurs will approach financial institutions for mortgages only if the interest rates remain at a low level. The following graph provides a rough idea about the unemployment problems in the US for the last few years. It is evident from the graph that unemployment rates in the US were around 2% during 2006-2007 period whereas that at present is over 8%. Unemployment rate almost touched the 10% mark in 2011 even though it is decreasing at present. In short, unemployment rate started to decline which indicates that American economic growth is back on track. It should be noted that Americans started to learn the philosophy of saving because of the recent recession. For the revival of economy and also for the creation of new employment opportunities, it is necessary to encourage spending. Keeping interest rate at a lower level will definitely help the people to spend money more freely. Inflation rate should be kept as low as possible.

QANTAS INTERNAL ANALYSIS Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

QANTAS INTERNAL ANALYSIS - Assignment Example When weaknesses are minimised, the company is likely to gain competitive advantage. As such, this paper seeks to assess the strengths and weaknesses of Qantas Airways. The paper discusses the strategies that have been implemented by the organization in order to operate viably in the industry that is characterised by stiff competition. The paper will also discuss some of the measures that can be implemented in order to improve the performance of the organization while at the same time minimising its weaknesses. Basically, Qantas specialises in offering passenger air transport and it operates various routes in Australia. This paper focuses on Sydney to Melbourne route. According to Qantas Data Book (2011), the airline is the oldest in Australia and its major strength is that it has a strong brand name. The main advantage of a strong brand name is that it can attract as many customers as possible which gives the company a competitive advantage. It can be seen that the airline industry in Australia is characterised by stiff competition and for that reason, Qantas is in a better position to attract many customers as a result of the fact that it has a strong brand name. It controls about 65 % of the whole domestic market share which puts it ahead of the other competitors (Qantas group Annual Report, 2013). Basically, this is a strength that has contributed to the organization’s viability and success in the market. According to ABC News (2014) Qantas is rated as one of the safest airlines across the globe which puts it ahead of other players in the industry. The other strength of the company is that it focuses its resources on developing high end business services and high quality services. The employees are well trained such that they offer valuable services to the customers. This helps to attract customers as well as to

Aerobic Sisyphus and the Suburbanized Psyche Essay

Aerobic Sisyphus and the Suburbanized Psyche - Essay Example The paper has identified that Rebecca Solnit used strong words to push her arguments to the readers’ thoughts like in: "Too, the estate was on a sale that permitted walking without leaving the grounds; the suburban home was not, but suburbs would eat up the countryside and diffuse the urban anyway." The way she sounded when she mentioned the words â€Å"eat up the countryside† was more like saying that the suburbs are more of an animal trying to devour and consume the countryside or the old way of living. The industrial revolution, as a reason of suburbanization, led to the absurdity of mankind of the way of its culture has come. Walking, before, was almost you could say â€Å"their life†. It was a monotonous indoor and outdoor struggle to live their lives and to earn for it. â€Å"Sub-urbanization has radically changed the scale and texture of everyday life, usually in ways inimical to getting about on foot†. An improvement in cities and an invention of s idewalks created safe streets to walk, yet people were discouraged by the improvement and they felt unsafe: such as the threat of acquainted people and industrial pollution. Solnit also mentioned: "The most perverse of all the devices in the gym is the treadmill (and its steeper cousin, the Stairmaster). Perverse, because I can understand simulating farm labor since activities of rural life are not often available - but simulating walking suggests that space itself has disappeared. That is, the weights simulate the objects of work, but the treadmill and Stairmaster simulate the surfaces on which walking takes place.† where she points out that walking nowadays is done indoors only. Unlike in the past centuries where it has the freedom to be, walking... The paper tells that work and family became separated. In the past, early artisans used to have shops in their houses, that is before there were factories that poor families could work and large markets that produce a huge amount of goods an artisan’s shop could produce. People have to work; they will go out, drive a car or get on a train to go to work far from their families to earn money to provide their family something to eat. Home in the 19th century, for workers, is not a place for family but more like a place to rest, a place to prepare for another day’s work. Wanting to earn, workers have to spend money to ride along to get to factories, it made them even poorer than they were before as common countryside or neighborhood shop artisans. People in the early centuries as the living countryside was healthier than they are the time factory systems arose. Factories and industrial plants polluted almost all of the wide green plains and blue seas. Children who use to play outside in the gardens with a smile on their faces tend to stay inside and watch television than to go outside and breathe polluted air. Healthy fishes, which used to provide fishermen food and living, now floats in the seas for their habitats are covered with dirt and oil from factories and industrial power plants. Suburbanization and technology influenced, as well as changed, our culture. Several inventions and discoveries led to the creation of machinery and toys that reduces human efforts.

A (any) Muscular Disorder Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A (any) Muscular Disorder - Essay Example lar dystrophy is a form of muscular dystrophy recessive which is X-linked and affects mostly boys causing degeneration of the muscle and eventually death. It is caused by mutation of a gene known as dystrophin, the most prominent and large gene found in the human chromosome and is responsible for coding a protein called dystrophin, a crucial structural component inside the muscle tissue, charged with provision of structural stability of dystroglycan complex (DGC) a component of cell membrane. Although both males and females are capable of carrying the mutation, males are the most affected and rarely do the females exhibit any signs of the abnormality. Duchenne muscular dystrophy at first causes progressive proximal weakness of the muscles of the pelvis and legs, which is usually associated with mass muscle loss. Finally this weakness usually spreads to such parts as neck, shoulders, hips, thighs, pelvic area and later on the voluntary muscles around a person’s legs, trunk and the arms. There is an enlargement of the calves and by the time early teenage sets in the respiratory and heart muscles are also affected. Duchenne muscular dystrophy mostly affects boys at a rate of 1 out of every 3600 resulting in degeneration of muscle and eventually death. The most severe and common type of Muscular dystrophy (MD) occurs amongst children and accounts for over fifty percent of all known cases. Unlike girls, the affected boys usually lack second X-chromosome to cater for the abnormal X-chromosome, which usually contains the abnormal genes.DMD typically appears in boys aged between 3 and 5 years and weakness is usually noticed as the children begin to run or walk. Duchenne muscular dystrophy causes calf muscles to enlarge, and this is one of the most significant characteristic of the disease. The most common symptoms of this disease start with the weakness of the pelvis and upper legs. Children with this disease usually fall down a lot, have problems rising from a

Personal leadership competence and how develop personal development in Article

Personal leadership competence and how develop personal development in the competence in the future - Article Example There is not only have self-confident and but also have more professional skills in order to do better in personal and professional development in the future. Thereby this module plays an important role in my whole postgraduate studying life. It helps me to reflect myself in my local learning environment and career life in the future. In this module, I have learned how to develop individuals' mastery in personal and interpersonal effectiveness which is benefit of supporting career development. Besides, I have also learned how to manage problems by using essential leadership skills. In this paper, it will discuss which strengths and weakness I have already developed in my professional life. It will also analysis of learning in the whole module. In addition, it will analysis how to promote my competence development and how to plan my professional development in the future. 2. Main body 2.1 Analysis of learning Before I learning this module, I do not understand what does mean of persona l and professional development. But when I read the module description and staff details in the handbook, I find most of the tutors which are related to Human Resource Management. Because of this, I am starting to like the course more and more. Actually, I am interesting in management and professional skills development because I think people have a professional quality is necessary under the rapid economic development of society. Through learning this module, I have learned a lot of professional knowledge about person and professional development. According to Pedler et al (1990), personal and professional development is a way of maintaining and creating the adaptability and flexibility that workers and, by extension, organisations need to ensure their future well-being. It is in keeping with post-modern society, in which rapid change and unknown futures create a necessity for learning organisations (Senge, 1993). So I think whatever you are a student or employee, you can find a gr eat help in this course. As a postgraduate student, a lot of theoretical knowledge are very important to me, such as communication skill, leadership skill and so on. Before I learning, I just know how to communicate with people. However, when I meet problems or conflict with other persons, I always can not deal with it. Therefore, though learning, I have handled how to solve problems and how to avoid conflict in the processing of communication. This point is very important to me in whole career development in the future whatever in the group work or in the workplace. I believe that is my intangible wealth in my whole life. Specifically, I have learned main five competencies which include self-management, interpersonal, self-development, personal leadership and engaging with other competencies. Base on the personal development matrix I will take three competencies for example to describe what I have learned in this course. During my learning, teacher alway arranges to discuss which f orm is in groups. Every times, I always try my best to use my skills to talk with other group members in the teamwork's discussion. I am awareness of effective inter-personal relationship is necessary. Actually, I am confident of my own ability in achieving my goals. When I describe my main points I always have a confident even more there is a little bit assertiveness. So sometimes I am not better control my emotion when I persuade other

The Eye of the Beholder Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Eye of the Beholder - Essay Example Similarly, humans are the only creation of God that can think, verbalize, communicate, and value things. Since the inception of time and development of human race, the notion of value emerged as humans were able to reason and none other species on Earth could do so. Yet, animals live by instincts and survival keeps them active for life (Brady,2003). Humans are the only being that can sense, reason, judge, plan, and proclaim the worth of nature. Rolston suggested that humans have started valuing things on Earth, as they started valuing gold so it became worthy and they proclaimed that coal is not a valued rock so it became worthless. Similarly, diamond is considered precious and coal in comparison to it is valueless. Naess suggests that humans should live in equilibrium with nature as both are of same value. However, I do not agree with it, humans determine value of nature and whatever is in it. thus, humans are worthwhile and come before any other species of the world. However, nature is also an essential need for survival of humans. Thus, if it is not preserved, its decline will result in the decline of humans them

Development and System Pahology SHORT ESSAYS Essay

Development and System Pahology SHORT ESSAYS - Essay Example The changing pattern of bone quality which has been provided with the advance of technology includes hormone replacement theory for females after menopause, physiotherapy and exercises for the old along with calcium supplements and medications available to overcome the other conditions which lead to osteoporosis. These methods employ the body with better resources for repair and it makes the body function in a proper way. This is how the changing pattern of bone quality through life supports the disposable soma view of ageing. Answer: Gonadal disease can be caused by sexually transmitted diseases which include gonorrhoea and syphilis. It can be caused by genetic abnormalities which include Turner’s syndrome and gonadal dysgenesis. Autoimmunity against the ovaries and the testes can also be a cause of gonadal disease. Endocrine disorders also result in gonadal disease. These include the androgen resistance syndrome, pituitary tumors, hypothalamic tumors and excess secretion of androgens. Blood tests for the levels of hormones serve to act as biochemical markers in gonadal disease. Low or high levels of sex hormones can be indicative of this. In the case of sexually transmitted diseases the levels of antigens and antibodies can also serve as markers. Chromosomal karyotyping can also lead to diagnosis. Answer: During the embryonic and fetal development the Y chromosome in the male is responsible for the formation of testes whereas the XX genotype is responsible for the formation of the ovaries. The testes releases testosterone and the ovary release oestrogen. Testosterone causes the development of male sexual organs whereas oestrogen contributes to the formation of female sexual organs. In the case of androgen insensitivity syndrome the receptors for testosterone in a child with XY genotype do not respond to it. Hence an individual with XY will not develop the male characteristics

All forms of government welfare should be abolished Essay - 5

All forms of government welfare should be abolished - Essay Example In such a situation, the government has to make budgetary estimates on how they are going to finance the basic needs that will be supplied to the poor people. From a humanitarian point of view, this is a prudent decision by the government. It has to make sure that all people are comfortable by supplying the needy with food, healthcare, housing and other basic needs like education (Conn, 2012). Secondly, the government is mandated to ensure there is fair distribution and redistribution of wealth and resources to all the people. Some people in the society are endowed with resources, while others are languishing in abject poverty. This creates a situation where on one end; there is a surplus on resources, while on the other hand resources are scarce. To make a fair distribution, the rich and well-to-do with have to assist the others. This creates a fair scenario where all people are served on equal grounds in regard to supply of resources. In my opinion, government welfares should not be abolished. However, they should be controlled effectively. For instance, they should be vigilant in detecting people that genuinely need the program. This will reduce the number of people that are depending on the government welfare. With such control, it is possible that the government welfare expenditure will reduce, which will in return reduce the budget for government welfare. There are many forms of government welfare programs existing in the present world, with each having its function. These financial strategies are used to uplift the livelihood of some people in the society. Some of these people include disabled and poor people in the society. Government welfares have been criticized and risk been abolished citing that the rationale for giving the government welfare is not well structured. The opposition to the government welfare programs has cited various key points that should be considered.

Beautiful!.... Great God! Essay Example for Free

Beautiful!. Great God! Essay What do chapters 2, 3,4,5,9 and 10 reveal about Mary Shelleys attitude to knowledge? Mary Shelley is a gothic writer, who (through this novel Frankenstein) has been able to create a hybrid form of gothic literature, a gothic/horror genre which allows Shelley to convey a more realistic terror, one that resides within the psyche instead of a form outside , an example would be Ghosts. Her knowledge on different subjects allows her to create a realistic world in the novel, possibly even criticising her own husband Percy Shelley, who searched for knowledge and in doing so became egotistical and self obsessed like a true romantic just like Frankenstein and other romantic characters like him. Shelley was always surrounded by intelligent people, which were mainly her father and his inner circle that also included her husband. These people encouraged Shelley to educate herself and develop her own opinions. Shelley found the gothic genre a perfect place in which she could air her thoughts, such as a critical view of certain powers in her society and imply things about the industrial revolution through subtle remarks in the novel. The novel itself was a product of Shelley taking up a challenge to write a ghost story, which was her chance to give a dire warning to society (through the didactic tone throughout the novel) that, embraces experimenting and questing for the unknown which so much part of her culture but at the same time playing on the fears of the middles classes lack of knowledge as at the same time graves were being dug up and bodies used which made this tomb quite fearful to its readers and intriguing as Shelley brings many ethical issues on the subject of science. Throughout the novel Shelley has much to say on the concept of knowledge as she includes many remarks like when Shelleys warning us, readers of the danger of knowledge when it is used to obtain power. What had been the study and desire of the wisest man since the creation of the world was now within my grasp. The use of the word grasp an creation suggests that Frankenstein wants to become mnipotent and play god. Remarks such as that show Shelleys critical views on her society, on issues such as science, how a man can become obsessed with something dangerous to either themselves or others , probably both , this also could be seen as another reference to her own husbands obsession with knowledge and this warning is actually to him. Frankenstein experience in university is very important in the text as that is where he forms his strong friendship with Henry clerval, guided and ridiculed by his professors and the actual place where he created the creature. Frankensteins first experience of university were feelings of isolation and melancholy which worsened through the ridicule of his work by his first professor Kriempe who tells him not to waste his time on the trash that he has read up until now. This maybe Shelley suggesting that ignorance isnt a bad thing because once Frankenstein starts delving into new areas which allows him to create the creature which causes so many problems. Shelley shows us this ignorance is bliss, it is folly to be wise in the paragraph in which Frankenstein realises that the creature he has created is not beautiful as he intended but a monster in his eyes I had selected his features as beautiful, Beautiful!. Great God! This quote is Frankenstein in hindsight looking at his creature and realising his folly. The use of the words Great God! show that his wisdom was of no use. Even though his professors didnt really guide Frankenstein in the right way, Frankenstein still follows there wisdom to folly, in the creation of the monster.

Organisational Behaviour of IKEA

Organisational Behaviour of IKEA What is organisation behaviour? It is combination of two different words organisation and behaviour. At first look it seems that it is somehow the way by which organisation behave but it is totally different from this. Organisation means different peoples,persons,individuals join together for a specific goal or purpose of a specific community. And behaviour means study of those aspects which effects these needs thinking motion psychology action within the organisation is called behaviour. George, M and R Jones, G Understanding and managing organisational behaviour ( 5TH. ED). My case study is about IKEA a Swedish company established in 1943. Ikeas founder is INGVAR KAMPRAD the fourth richest man in the world. Its owner is unknown but it is believed that he belong to Kampar family. Ikeas main products are household goods like furnature, kitchen goods, wardrobes and clothes. There are 17 branches of Ikeas in Sweden and more than 310 stores in more than 38 countries. [http://ezinearticles.com/?billionaire-attiributes..modesty:-ingvar-kampard-ikeas-founder-and-owneraid=274361,Thursday2nddec,2010.] 2: MAIN BODY IKEA is a rapidly growing company. It is increasing the number of its franchise and store in all over the world. Its mission statement is: Ikeas mission is to offer a wide range of home furnishing items of good design and function, excellent quality and durability, at prices so low that the majority of people can afford to buy them. [http://www.samples-help.org.uk/mission-statement/ikea-mission-statement.htm] Concept of IKEA is: The IKEA concept is founded on a low price offer in home furnishing. [http://franchisor.ikea.com/showcontent.asp?swid=concept1,Thursday 3rd Dec,2010] Now we are going to discuss that what is the role of our subject organisational behaviour in the success of any organisation and factors that works behind the success of any organisation. Organisational behaviour exist in business and management course is due to the need of those charges with managing people and system at work to inform their thinking as they address the underlying social and behavioural issues that confront them. Critical success factors are the keys and elements which an organisation must look in order to gain success. Or The steps for any organisation to follow for its successful future. Within organisation there are different areas where these critical factors works some of them are as below: Factors related to management. Organisations goals,objectives,mission,strategic successful factors. Individual critical success factors. Cultural critical success factors. Not only these are the factors responsible for the success of organisation but there are a lot of other factor work behind the success of any organisation. [http://rapidbi.com/created/criticalsuccessfactor.html, 5thDec, 2010, 11:00pm] 2.1: There are a lot of factors,ways,key issues, steps that works for the success of any organisation. Just like human body as human body is made up of different cells same as organisation is made up of different type of individuals. More develop is the individual, more effective is the organisation. Team work also a necessary part for the success of organisation. Not only the team but involving everyone in everything is also important. Communication between the team members and between individual and leader is also very important. And if we look toward any organisation by doing SWOT analysis it will also enable us to understand the factor of success. Be aware of the strength and weakness of organisation if any organisation wants to gain success. These two are the internal sources and within the control of organisation. On the other hand also be aware of the opportunities and threats you are facing.Opportunties will enables us to know the ways of making our organisation more successf ul and thereat such as, threat of downsizing,bankcrupting,loss enable us to adopt safety measure before time. But this experience can only b gains by doing swot analysis. C:UsersHomeDesktopswot-analysis-image.png http://www.businessballs.com/swotanalysisfreetemplete.htm(electronically assessed on 10th.dec,2010.) PESTAL analysis is another factor for the measurement of any organisation success or a factor for the success of any organisation. To deal with the political issues is really very difficult rather these issues may be inside the organisation or outside the organisation in your country. If the social environment of any country is not suitable for a successful company then how the company would be able to gain success in that particular country. Environment also include much in the success of any organisation if you are unable to meet the unfriendly environment its mean you are unable to gain success in business. You should be technologically as advance as the other organisations are in the markets so the you can meet competition in market. And being economically strong is another advantage for successful organisation. There is a legal restrictions in any country according to their government so you have to obey all these legal obligations for success for example in united kingdom you h ave to pay tax is a legal obligation .many more according to the law of any country.PESTAL analysis is also a best tool to gain success for any organisation. http://www.oup.com/uk/orc/bin(electrionaclly assessed on 11th.dec, 2010.) After SWOT and PESTEL analysis there are many other important factors which count a lot toward the success of an organisation. Firstly the goals mission vision of any organisation should be clearly defined so that everybody may know the purpose of that organisation like Ikeas have a clear mission statement and concept .Then these mission should be related to the structure of organisation neither the organisation is about car and mission statement is about clothes. It must b clearly related to the strategy and structure of organisation. The structure of organisation should be flexible so the to meet the changes easily and to fit in any circumstances easily.Recuritment is also a very delicate part of organisation that right person is doing the right job. Next step is to identify the root of problem. Where the problem is? The problem is in the organisation or within workers. Then gather the information about the problem and possible solution of that problem. After identifying the problem making a plan for the solution of that particular problem what we called implementation of plan. 2.2: There are a lot of problems in the way of success of any organisation which are created by different means like Competition among management is a major problem. If there is a conflict between management then how would they be able to solve the conflict in the organisation? Conflict among the groups in an organisation. One group tries to take advantages of the weakness of the other group. And to show their priority over the others. Then there is a conflict between the management and the group or the leader of group. Due to the different issues like position,salaery. Conflict between the group leaders. In order to show their efficiency over the other group counts a lot problem in the way of success of any organisation. Absenteeism in another big hurdle in the way of a success full organisation. When the works are not happy with their work this fault occur at that time or when they are not satisfied from their position within the organisation. Competition among employees in another hurdle in the way of success of any organisation. Their competition cast a bad impact on the overall progress of an organisation. Unclear and ineffective strategy not related to the overall organisation is also a big problem in the way of success of organisation. Due to this you are unaware of the real purpose of your work weather the work you are doing is beneficial for organisation or not. If the management is unable to control the whole organisation then it is also very bad for the health of organisation. Development can face a huge problem if the management is not able to control whole organisation. Or if the management is ineffective. If the management is sufficient to meet the need of whole organisation then the other important factor is to identify where the problem is to discover the real area where the problem lies is also a very difficult. After identifying the basic source of problem next step is to make possible steps in order to solve the problem. Look precisely which step to be taken in order to solve that problem. Lack of proper leadership or proper leader ship is another major source of creating problem within the organisation. If the leader is not able to control his group then how he will be able to prove batter for the whole organisation. And if the leader misguide his group from right toward wrong way and not utilize his own and his group ability in positive way then how the organisation will be able to gain progress. Lack of communication between management and leaders and employee is another major reason for creating problem in the way of success of any organisation. Autocratic management where nobody is allow to communicate with the manager directly. And there is a big gap between the management and employee. This type of management is really very harmful for the organisation Hippocratic management. If the organisation is not happy with its manager then there no chance for the growth of any organisation. When somebody works within any organisation it is just like their home their family because they spend more time with that organisation then their family they develop a deep affection with that organisation. And if they got angry how the organisation can be happy. They will feel very unfit in that environment their concentration will divert from their work and it will cast a really negative impact on the organisation. Maslow full name is ANRAHAM HARLOD MASLOW. He is famous psychologist of America. He is famous for human motivation.C:UsersHomeDesktopmaslow.jpg Now by looking at Maslows hierarchy of need concept of unsuccessful management can be more clear to us.Infact the management is not fulfilling these need of employee which are the basic need of all human beings that why the management is not effective. http://www.businessballs.com/maslow.html(electronically assessed on 11th.dec, 2010.) Another huge problem in the way of success of any organisation is environmental impact which is a big hurdle in the way of any organisation. This is not only the inner environment of organisation but the outer environment also creates a bad effect on the development of organisation. Within the organisation this is so because the employee is unable to fit themselves with the environment of that organisation. Different reasons are included in that environmental dissatisifaction.One main reason is the politics which doesnt allows the new employee to fit in the environment of that organisation because they are not willing to accept new entry are due to some other reason maybe they feel that they are having much more ability as compare to that new person so they create problem for that new person which ultimately create problem for the entire organisation. Another concept about the conflict within the organisation is of two types one is functional other dysfunctional. functional conflicts is positive type and though there is a conflict but due to this type of conflict there is no disturbance in the organisation n if this functional type of conflict or you can say this group of conflict face any problem they try to solve it in a positive way obeying the rules and regulation of that organisation and finally solve their conflict without creating any type of disturbance. Then there is another type of conflict which is opposite to this conflict known as dysfunctional conflict. In this type of conflict they use their power in negative way or you can say in order to solve any problem. Not only harmful for them but for the whole organisation and can cause huge destruction for progrees,profit,politics. Buchannan and Huczynki, A. organisational behaviour a introduction/text (5th.ed) 2.3: the next step is how to handle these problems which creates hurdle in the way of success of an organisation there are different methods to handle these problems which are as under: Stephen Robbins outlines the values underpinning most organisation development effort as follows The individual should be treated with respect and dignity or with trust and confident. The organisation climate should be characterized by trust openness and support or we can say open communication and honesty. Hierarchical authority and control and deemphasized or be careful about the feeling of others. Problems and conflicts should be confronted, and not disguised or avoided try to solve the conflicts do not avoid them. (2001, P.553) Everyone within the organisation whatever he or she may be means that whatever may be his or her position in the organisation should feel free to communicate with the senior management. And feel free to express their views and to explain their complains which they are having with that organisation. Due to this communication organisation maybe able to know that where the problem is and how to solve it as soon as possible before then this p become a full problem. Employee must have this assured that their opinion is very important for the organisation and management will pay attention toward what they said and what type of difficulties they face. By doing this we can also reduce the tension in organisation. Friendly and positive attitude toward employees if another source of reducing conflict .by doing this we are caring about employee self respect and developing their confidence which will motivate then in the future and then they will be very useful for the organisation. Electronically resources such as mobile internet can be use for fast conversation its not only join the whole organisation but also enable the management to know the conflict as soon as possible. Then there should be proper strategy to solve the problem. Never try to solve the problem without strategy because it can create more problem and conflicts then to solve the problems without proper strategy http://www.merinews.com/articles/key-to-success-of-an-organisation (electronically assessed on 2nd dec, 2010) Stress is a kind of burden due to which human mind work under pressure. It is mental processes which affect our life to a huge extent. Our mind work under pressure and wrong things occur because of this stress. Because we are unaware of our action because of our mental absence and this divert our attention. Our mind is somewhere else and our body is somewhere else. Our mind due to this stress is not work with our body. This is an individual activity but effect whole organisation. Because if someone mind is work under stress then the person can made mistakes and if individual made mistakes it will disturb whole group and if the group disturb the whole organisation will disturb automatically. Luthons ,F. organisational behaviour . (10th.ed).P376,P408 Working without stress in another factor to solve the conflict if your mind is free from tension at least when you are on work then you will b able to utilize your forces more effectively for the success of organisation. Which you are not able to do when you work under stress. Not everyone within the organisation is able to handle the worse situation. This is an ability not comes through knowledge but from experience. More you go through this type of situation like conflicts disturbances decline of organisation loss to handle these situation it is necessary to have knowledge but how to experience this knowledge is more important than just to have knowledge. You can say how you would be able to implement your knowledge. Or put your knowledge into action. Satisfaction of your customers from your service is also a very important thing which you must keep in your mind in order to remove problem from your way of success. If your customers are satisfied from your products than it is really very favourable to your organisation. At least you are carefree from that thing that you are not going to face any type of difficult from them or we can say you are successful from this point of view. If you will provide good service to the customers good response you will get from them. There should be a give and take relationship among employee and management if they are good with their employee the employee will be more motivated and will work more effectively for the organisation. On the other hand if you provide good customers you will get good response and hence improve the market value of your organisation. If someone is already expert in handling the situation then it is easy for him or her to take a right action in any situation. And if someone is not then he or she act be do the same thing but there is a need of motivation though he/she have knowledge but not experience so it is difficult for them to control the worse situation but they act in a positive way if the seniors motivate them. This is called expertises vs. motivation. According to the contingency theory there is no specific formula that tells us how to behave in a right way in any situation but within the limitation of organisation how to handle the situation and find best solution of that problem. According to the system theory all department of organisation should be interrelated to each other so that we can find where the problem is find the better solution of these problem. These are the key thing which an organisation should keep in mind to solve the problems faced by that organisation. [http://www.cliveshaw.com/improve. html(electronically assessed on1st.dec,2010.) 2:4Globlisation is another aspect which must take into the consideration for a successful organisation. Whole the world has changed into a global village due to which the whole ideas of business is changing and not only the business but also attitudes of different organisation toward each other is changing and fast media is used for business as well. Fast media like internet is widely used due to this gobalisation.Every country has its website. Which not only provide us information about that particular company but also offer online shopping this is so because of globalisation and every organisation wants to beat its competition as fast as possible. IKEA also offer online shopping in order to meet its competitor. 2:5. Managment usually concerned with goal setting resources deployment employee motivation teamwork leadership control and coordination and performance measurement.managment deals with all the criteria mention above. Managment has first to measure the productivity of organisation and then how to pay the workers according to their job within the organisation. By doing this most attention is paid toward more active employee or workers and less attention toward less effective employees and this behaviour reduce their motivation toward organisation because they are already slow and need motivation and here rather then this more attention is being paid toward those who are already working effectively within the organisation so the management should be more concerned toward slow workers then toward fast work. Role of management is to control and arrange the people are such a way that they work more precisely toward the achievement of goals and objectives of the organisation. Setting goal and objective for an organisation is really very difficult .but more difficult than this is to arrange the whole organisation according to these goals and objectives which is the responsibility of manager. Within the span of control of management is scientific to some extent you can say because they have to experience all those experiments which we called in the language of business goals and objectives of organisation and they have to perform these jobs successfully and result of their experiment should be positive. For a successful management there are a lot of keys or factors or ways some of them are as under Clear vision manager should have clear vision of what happened in the past what is happening now and what will be happen in future by doing they will not only have a clear view of past present and future Open communication is also necessary between management and staff. G a Cole, (1995). Organisational behaviour. Management is a practical work you cannot learn it by reading books but practical work will help you to learn more about how to manage thing same is the organisation books can only guide you but books cannot train you. But it is not enough that someone is holding the post of manager within any organisation it is not easy to get this post but what is more difficult is to meet all those objectives which are related to the management which is really a difficult task thats why management is a difficult task. Manager has to play different role at once. he have to meet organisations goals and objectives he has to satisfied all the employees he has to look at the progress of any organization in which he is working. He has to look too many thing or we can say to take care of whole organisation that everything is working on right place in a right way thats why management is called a cornerstone of an organisation that fills every facet of organisation. 2.6: On the other hand not in every part of life there is the need of management or we can say in every field of life there is not any manager post such as in house there is no manager but they still manage house all the household work whatever the type of work it be. Or in school teacher is no manager but they still manage the school there are many example which tells us that the word manager is not necessary for every field of life but management is necessary. The management process is also a very difficult function there is not an office or a chair on which manager have to sit and vary on all his activities but manager have to move thorough out the organisation and look around all the activity within the organization but not only within the organisation but also outside the organisation in the form of competition.Manager has to look all these side very keenly so that the organisation can work more effectively. 2.7: The first and most important challenge of management is how they deal the conflict in organisation and how they beat the competitors in the market. Though managers have to do a lot of other activities but their efficiency is tested by overcoming these conflicts their ability to solve these problems along with the other problems within the organisation and in market. Another important challenge face by the management is to meet the changes. These changes may be due to environment due to culture due to competition due to grouping or any other reason. These challenges are the real test of any management how the management by using its available resources can overcome these difficulties.managment powers and control is tested by facing these challenges and solving within the limitation. 2.8: The basic value of management is to control. This control is of different types. To control all the areas within the organisation in such a way that organisation move toward success then failure. To control conflicts among the employee to control the politics within the organisation. If there is no management within the organisation then there is the disturbance in every part of organisation not only within the organisation but also in downsizes the total impact of organisation in the market. Everyone within the organisation will work according no one is here to control them to have a look on their work which is really necessary for the success of any organisation.Althoug the stress free environment is necessary for the success of organisation but sometime use of power of organisation is also necessary for the betterment of organisation this is the value of management in the organisation. Recruitment and selection of effective educated and experienced employee is also a very necessary part of management. To recruit the right person at right place is a very important decision. Not only experience but knowledge of management is also a necessary part of organisation. Lauri j Mullins management and organisational behaviour ( 6th.ed.) 3: conclusion From above discussion it can be concluded that the necessary part of any organisation are people and without people it is impossible to make any organisation. For the success of any organisation management is necessary and in order to meet difficulties faced by the organisation. And due to globalisation whole the world has changed into a global village and what we need is the individual and time.Management no doubt is a cornerstone for the success of any organisation. In order to move successfully in this competitive environment not only management necessary but to identify the problem in the way of success of any organisation and the possible solution of that problem as soon as possible so that the competitions may not go ahead from your organisation and be able to took your position in the market. Management organisation behaviour problems people are interrelated to each other in this course work. We cannot discuss only one and leave the rest all these aspects are necessary for the success of organisation. And we must have to study all these criteria for a study of organisational behaviour of this coursework. And all these are also related to our case study of IKEA.IKEA must have passed through all these aspects to gain success as it is a growing company in these days.

The Alma Ata Declaration Still Relevant

The Alma Ata Declaration Still Relevant The Alma Ata Declaration was formally adopted at the International Conference on Primary Health Care in Alma Ata (in present Kazakhstan) in September 1978 (WHO, 1978). It identifies and stresses the need for an immediate action by all governments, all health and development workers and the world community to promote and protect world health through Primary Health Care (PHC) (ibid). This has been identified by the Declaration as the key towards achieving a level of health that will allow for a socially and productive life by the year 2000. The principles of this declaration have been built on three (3) key aspects which include: Equity It acknowledges the fact that every individual has the right to health and the realisation of this requires action across the health sector as well as other social and economic sectors. Participation It also identifies and recognises the need for full participation of communities in the planning, organisation, implementation, operation and control of primary health care with the use of local or national available resource. Partnership It strongly supports the idea of Partnership and collaboration between government, World Health Organisation (WHO) and UNICEF, other international organisations, multilateral and bilateral agencies, non-governmental organisations, funding agencies, all health workers and the world community towards supporting the commitment to primary health care as well as increasing financial and technical support especially in developing countries. Other important principles identified by the Declaration include: health promotion and the appropriate use of resources. The declaration calls on all governments to formulate strategies, policies and actions to launch and sustain primary health care and incorporate it into the national health system. It was endorsed by the World Health Assembly in 1978 hence enshrining it into the policy of the WHO (Horder, 1983). Background Back in the 1960s and 1970s, many developing countries of the world gained independence from their colonial leaders. In efforts to provide good quality healthcare service for the population, these new governments established teaching hospitals, medical and nursing schools most of which were located in urban areas (Hall Taylor, 2003) thus creating a problem of access to good quality health service especially for people that reside in rural communities. Successful programmes were initiated by Tanzania, Sudan, Venezuela and China in the 1960s and 1970s to provide primary care health services that was basic as well as comprehensive (Benyoussef Christian, 1977; Bennett, 1979). It is on the basis of these programmes that the term Primary Health Care was derived (Hall Taylor, 2003). In low income countries, the primary health care strategy as described by the Alma Ata was very influential in setting health policy during the 1980s however in high income countries such as the United Kingdom, it was considered irrelevant on the presumption that the level of primary care service was already well developed (Green et al., 2007). Primary health care has been defined in the Declaration of Alma Ata as; essential health care based on practical, scientifically sound and socially acceptable methods and technology made universally accessible to individuals and families in the community through their full participation and at a cost that the community and country can afford to maintain at every stage of their development in the spirit of self reliance and self-determination. It forms an integral part both of the countrys health system, of which it is the central function and main focus, and of the overall social and economic development of the community. It is the first level of contact of individuals, the family and community with the national health system bringing health care as close as possible to where people live and work, and constitutes the first element of a continuing health care process. (WHO, 1978) The Alma Ata Declaration brought about a shift on emphasis towards preventive health, training of multipurpose paramedical workers and community based workers (Muldoon et al., 2006). In order to achieve the global target of health for all by the year 2000, goals were being set by the WHO (WHO, 1981) some of which include: At least 5% of gross national product is spent on health. A reasonable percentage of the national health expenditure is devoted to local health care. Equitably distribution of resources At least 90% of new-borne infants have a birth weight of at least 2500g. The infant mortality rate for all identifiable subgroups is below 50 per 1000 live-births. Life expectancy at birth is over 60 years. Adult literacy rate for both men and women exceeds 70%. Trained personnel for attending pregnancy and child birth and caring for children for at least 1 year of age. It has been over 30 years now that the Declaration of Alma Ata was adopted by the WHO. A look at the current health trend around the world especially in developing countries such Nigeria, Ghana, Niger, Zimbabwe and so many others will reveal that the goal of achieving health for all by the year 2000 through primary health care has not been a reality. Although there have been reasonable improvement in immunisation, sanitation and access to safe water, there is still impediments in providing equitable access to essential care worldwide (WHO, 2010) What went wrong? Lawn et al. (2008) explain that the Cold War significantly impeded the desired impact expectation of the Alma Ata Declaration in the sense that global developmental policy at that time was dominated by neo-liberal macro economical and social policies. The effect of this on poorer countries of the world particularly in Africa was implementation of structural adjustment programmes in effort to reduce budget deficit through devaluations in local currency and cuts in public spending. This resulted in the removal of subsidies, cost recovery in the health sector and cut backs in the number of medical health practitioners that could be hired. The introduction of user charges and encouragement of privatisation of services during this period had an untoward effect on poor people who could not afford to pay for such services. The combination of these factors hence resulted in part to the crippling of the quality of service that can be provided at the primary care level. People who could afford such service resorted to health service offered at secondary or tertiary care which in most cases is difficult to access. The introduction of a new concept of Selective Primary Health Care as proposed within a year of the adoption of the Alma Ata Declaration by Walsh Warren (1979) changed the dimension of primary health care. This interim approach was proposed due to the difficulty experienced in initiating comprehensive primary health care services in countries with authoritarian leadership (Waterston, 2008). Walsh Warren (1979) argued that until comprehensive primary health care can be made available to all, services that are targeted to the most important diseases may be the most effective intervention for improving health of a population. The measures suggested include; immunisation, oral rehydration, breast feeding and the use of anti malarias. This selective approach was considered as being more feasible, measurable, rapid and less risky, taking away decision making and control away from the community and placing it upon consultants with technical expertise hence making it more attractive partic ularly to funding agencies (Lawn et al., 2008). An example of a selective primary care approach is the Expanded Programme on Immunisation (EPI). Selective primary health care is concerned with providing solutions to particular diseases such as HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis while comprehensive primary care as proposed the Alma Ata begins with providing a strong community infrastructure and involvement towards tackling health issues (Baum, 2007). The shift in maternal, new-borne and child health as a result of programmes that removes control from the community hinders the actualisation of the goals of primary health care as emphasized by the Alma Ata Declaration. The reversal of policy in the 1990s by the WHO and other UN agencies to discourage traditional birth attendants and promoting facility based birth with skilled personnel (Koblinsky et al., 2006) is an example of such. The World Banks report Investing in Health which was published in 1993 saw the World Bank become a great influence and major key player in international public health as such robbing the WHO of the prestigious position (Baum, 2007). It considers investments for interventions that only have the best impact on population health as such removing local control and advocating a vertical approach to health. This move counteracts the process of the social change described by the Alma Ata Declaration which is necessary for realisation of its goals. These go to show that consistency both in leadership (locally and globally), policy as well as good evidence (to drive policy making and actions), are important ingredients for global initiatives to succeed. What went right? Even with the several elements that prevailed against the achievement of the collective goals of the Alma Ata Declaration, several case studies show that when provided with a favourable environment, primary health care as prescribed by the Alma Ata is sufficient to bring about a significant improvement in the health status of any population or country. Case study 1: Primary Health Care in Gambia Using data obtained from a longitudinal study conducted by the United Kingdom Medical Research Council over a 15 year period for a population of about 17,000 people in 40 villages in Gambia, Hill et al. (2000) compared infant and child mortality between village with and without primary health care. The extra services that were provided in the villages with primary health care include: a village health worker, a paid community nurse for every 5 villages and a trained traditional birth attendant. Maternal and child health services with vaccination programme were accessible to residents of both primary health care and non primary health care villages. There was marked improvement in infant and under 5 mortality in both sets of villages. After primary health care system was established in 1983, infant mortality dropped from 134/1000 in 1982 83 to 69/1000 in 1992 94 in the primary health care villages and from 155/1000 to 91/1000 in non primary health care villages over the same period of time. Between 1982 and 83 and 1992-94, the death rates for children aged 1-4 fell from 42/1000 to 28/1000 in the primary health care villages and from 45/1000 to 38/1000 in the non primary health care villages. However, in 1994 when supervision of primary health care was weakened, infant mortality rate in primary health care villages rose to 89/1000 for primary health care village in 1994 96. The rate in non primary health care village fell to 78/1000 for this period. The implementation and supervision of primary health care is associated with a significant effect on infant mortality rates for these groups of villages that benefitted from the programme. Case study 2: Under 5 mortality and income of 30 countries To assess the progress for primary health care in countries since Alma Ata, Rohde et al. (2008) analysed life expectancy relative to national income and HIV prevalence in order to identify over achieving or under achieving countries. The study focused on 30 low income and middle income countries with the highest year reduction of mortality among children less than 5 years of age and it described coverage and equity of primary health care as well as other non health sector actions. The 30 countries in question have scaled up selective primary care (immunisation, family planning) and 14 of these countries have progressed to comprehensive primary care which has been marked with high coverage of skilled birth attendants. Equity with skilled birth attendance coverage across income groups was accessed as well as access to clean water and gender inequality in literacy. These 30 countries were grouped into countries with selective primary care; mixture of selective and comprehensive primary health care; and comprehensive primary health care alone. The major players among countries with comprehensive primary health care are Thailand, Brazil, Cuba, China and Vietnam. Overall, Thailand tops the list and it has comprehensive primary health care. Maternal, new-borne and child health in Thailand were prioritised even before Alma Ata and has been able to increase coverage for immunisation and family planning interventions. The Government investment in district health systems provided a foundation for comprehensive primary health care in maternal, new-borne and child health as well as other essential services. Community health volunteers also played a significant role towards Thailands medical advancement. They promoted the use of water sealed latrines to improve sanitation and were very instrumental towards the decline of protein calorie malnutrition in pr e-school children in the past 20 years (WHO, 2010). Participation of the community health volunteers is a major source of community involvement into health care of Thailand (ibid). The following factors were identified as important lessons from high achieving countries: accountable leadership and consistent national policy progress with time; building coverage of care and comprehensive health systems with time; community and family empowerment; district level focus which is supported by data to set priorities for funding, track results as well as identify and redress disparities; and prioritising equity, removing financial barriers for poorest families and protection against unavoidable health cost. Case study 3: Integration of cognitive behaviour based therapy into routine primary health care work in rural Pakistan Rahman et al. (2008) in a cluster-randomised control study in Pakistan shows the benefits derived when cognitive behaviour therapy in postnatal depression is integrated with community based primary health care. Training was provided to the primary health care workers in the intervention group to deliver psychological intervention. The health care workers also receive monthly supervision and monitoring. Significant benefit (lower depression and disability scores, overall functioning and perception of social support) was reported in the intervention group to suggest that this kind of measures as supported by the Alma Ata can drive the initiative towards Health for all. It is evident and clear that countries that practiced comprehensive primary health care as enshrined by the Alma Ata reaped great benefits in terms of population health improvement. Although it has been argued that comprehensive primary health care is too idealistic, expensive and unattainable (Hall Taylor, 2003), evidence suggest that it is more likely to deliver better health outcomes with greater public satisfaction (Macinko et al., 2003). This kind of care can deal with up to 90% of health demands in low income countries (World Bank, 1994). Relevance of Alma Ata in this present time Our present world that has been characterised by marked epidemiological transition in health. Low income countries as well as high income ones are faced with increasing prevalence of non communicable as well as chronic disabling disease (Gillam, 2008) hence, the existence of infectious diseases (malaria, HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis etc), and diseases like cardiovascular disease and diabetes. For low income countries such as sub-Sahara African Countries, this constitutes a major health problem because their health systems are mainly oriented towards providing services inclined with maternal and child health, acute or episodic illnesses. As such current health systems need to have the capacity to provide effective management for the current disease trend. The Alma Ata provides a foundation for how such effective health service can be provided. Because, primary health care is the first line of contact an individual has to health care, it is thus very influential in determining community heal th especially when the community is fully empowered to participate. As societies modernise, as it is the case in our current world, the level of participation increases and people want to have a say in what affects their lives (Garland Oliver, 2004). Thus, the level participation in health care is better off and more powerful in this present time than it was when it was the Alma Ata was adopted. Evidence suggest that the values as enshrined by the Alma Ata are becoming the mainstream of modernising societies and it is a reflection of the way people look at health and what they expect from their health care system (WHO, 2008). Alma Ata failed in some countries because the Government of such countries refused to put strategies towards sustaining a strong and vibrant primary health care system that is appropriate to the health needs of the community such that access is improved, participation and partnership is encouraged and health is improved in general. There is no goal standard guideline or manual on Alma Ata but individual governments have to develop their own strategies which should be well suited towards meeting their own needs. The Alma Ata founding principles is still relevant towards achieving these goals especially as it brings health care to peoples door step as it encourages training of people to efficiently and effectively deliver health services. Evidence has shown that there is a greater range of cost effective interventions than was available 30 years ago (Jamison et al., 2006). It is for these reasons that primary health care is essential towards achieving the millennium development goals e specially as it concerns child survival, maternal health, and HIV/AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis and other diseases. The Alma Ata emphasises the importance of collaboration as an important tool towards introducing, developing and maintaining primary health care. This partnership as supported by the Alma Ata is essential to increase technical and financial support to primary health care especially in low income countries. It is a current trend to find an increasing mixture of private and public health systems as well as increasing private-public partnerships. Governments, donor and private organisations are now working together to promote and protect health unlike after Alma Ata (OECD, 2005). There is also increased funding and this is shifting from selective global funds to strengthening health systems through sector wide approaches (Salama et al., 2008). This kind of collaborations is a step in the right direction and when it is strengthened according to the principles of the Alma Ata, it will not only improve the buoyancy of the health care system but also improve participation and equity in the sense that health care is more qualitative and accessible to the people. The years that followed after adoption of the Alma Ata by WHO member states was characterised by unstable political leadership and military dictatorship especially among low income countries which lead to neglect of the health sector. This created unfriendly environments for the development and maintenance of stable primary health care systems. In this current times however, most countries have embraced the democratic system of leadership that promotes equity, participation and partnership. Health equity is continually enjoying prominence in the dialogue of political leaders and ministries of health (Dahlgren Whitehead, 2006). Thus, the environment being created is friendlier to the Alma Ata hence making it more relevant in this time. Thirty years ago, the values of equity, people centeredness, community participation and self determination embraced by the Alma Ata was considered as being radical but today these values have become widely share expectations for health (WHO, 2008). Our current time has been marked by gross technological advancement which was not available in the 1970s. There is also an increased wealth of knowledge and literature on health and on the growing health inequalities between and within countries all of which was not available 30 years ago. All these put together provides a relevant foundation to support the Alma Ata in the present time making it more relevant in delivering effective health care service. Conclusion The prevailing political and economic situation around the world make the Alma Ata more relevant than it was in 1978. However, there is still need for more to be done. There is need for the revitalisation of primary health care according to the tenets of the Alma Ata and progress made should be consistently monitored. There is also the need for an increased commitment to the virtues of health for all as well as increased commitment of resources towards primary health care which should be driven by good evidence base. It is important that emphasis be changed from single interventions that produce short term or immediate results to interventions that will create an integrated, long term and a sustainable health care system. Even with the challenges being faced so far with full implementation of the Alma Ata, the ideals are relevant still relevant now more than ever.

Disclosure in Work Environments Essay -- Communication, Interpersonal

Open communication between individuals is very important. This quality is what makes relationships run smoothly between two or more individuals. Barnett, Cochran and Taylor explored significant relations between the openness of communication between management and employees in a previous study (1993). These researchers found that employees expressed concerns and the level of internal disclosures by employees in the study (Barnett et al., 1993). Barnett, Cochran and Taylor also found in their study that external whistle blowing may lead to â€Å"negative publicity, regulatory investigations, and legal liability issues† (1993). Trying to hold back or quiet employees may make the problem between the employees worse. Internal disclosures provide organizations an opportunity to explore and correct wrongdoing, and avoid the more negative consequences of external whistle blowing (Barnett et al., 1993). Disclosure in Work Environments 4 As sexual harassment can be a major topic in literature and in the workplace, organizations make sure to focus attention on the legal problems that may become evident if the harassment occurs (Bingham, 1991). Bingham investigated the interpersonal aspect of sexual harassment in this study to find how to eliminate the problem of sexual harassment (1991). In disclosure related situations, exchanging too much personal information to another employee can result in sexual harassment. In doing so, individuals must be careful in whom they are disclosing information to. Many individuals may feel uncomfortable in the situation. In many companies, sexual harassment is taken very seriously. Before an employee is hired at most companies they are explained the harassment precautions and regulations. In do... ...esearchers (Sias & Cahill, 1998). Peer friendships can offer a source of immanent rewards for employees. These rewards can protect against job-related anxiety, and can reduce job frustration and turnover (Sias & Cahill, 1998). By sticking together in the work environment, individuals are able to overcome obstacles at their employment. In doing so, individuals realize that they are not in it alone. The researchers found that peer friendships were based on both individual and circumstantial factors. For many, these workplace peers become more than just coworkers; they may also become friends (Sias & Cahill, 1998). The workplace did not act as a vessel for the friendships, but it played a significant role in the friendships developmental process. As their artificial influence decreased the friendship became closer and more interpersonal (Sias & Cahill, 1998).

Demand Management and Fiscal Policy Essay examples -- Fiscal Policy In

Demand Management and Fiscal Policy Fiscal policy is the manipulation of aggregate demand using taxation and or government spending. The government tends to make most of its fiscal decisions in the annual budget, usually announced in March of each year. However, there are a number of problems in using fiscal policy to control aggregate demand - one of the most significant is the problem of time-lags. 1. Time Lags Many aspects of fiscal policy have a delayed effect on aggregate demand. Changing the fiscal stance can take some time to achieve. For example switching to an expansionary fiscal policy through increased government spending can take some time before the full multiplied effects are felt on the economy. If the government announced increased health service spending, there could be considerable delays, as various committees decide how best to allocate the new funding. Then, if some extra construction work is planned, contracts need negotiating and awarding, all before actual spending takes place. On top of all these delays, major capital projects such as new hospital extensions could themselves take some time to complete. The net effect is that there may be months if not years before the planned increased in government spending actually has its full effect on the economy. This scenario is equally appropriate if the government is intending to build more roads, employ more teachers, invest more in the military etc. Admittedly, a tax change is probably quicker to introduce, although often businesses need some advanced warning so they can accommodate any change - again building-in some delay. Question: So what is his the problem of this for demand management ? The danger is that if the government was attempting to reflate the economy ( ie boost AD ) because of a lack of demand and economic activity, by the time the expansionary fiscal policy takes effect - the economy could have entered an upswing. Thus the economy might end up being stimulated at exactly the most inappropriate time. This time lag in fiscal policy could lead to exaggerated swings in the trade cycle - increasing volatility and hence inducing more uncertainty. 2. Fine Tuning -------------- Fine tuning is difficult when using fiscal policy. This refers to the ability to manipulate taxes and spending plans to bring abo... ...there any benefits ? Alternatively, an interest rate decrease is likely to lead to some capital outflows and hence a weakening of the currency. 2. Interest rates and time lags There can be some delays before the full effects of interest rates change are felt on the economy. When the Bank of England push up rates for example, it will take some time for the full effects to filter through the economy. Some estimates put this delay as being as long as 18 months. This is because, some banks eg HSBC, NatWest may not immediately adjust their rates straight away. Even if they do, some individuals may have fixed rate loans or mortgages, or they have some period of fixed rate ( eg for the first 3 years of a mortgage). Therefore, these individuals will not have their discretionary income changed for some time. Individuals with outstanding amounts on credit cards may also benefit from a couple of months delay before they start to notice that their interest payments have started to rise. Nevertheless, interest rate changes are thought to be much faster acting that fiscal policy changes, as at least an interest change will have some immediate impact straight away.

All Quiet On The Western Front: Themes :: essays research papers

All Quiet On the Western Front: Themes All Quiet on the Western Front is a graphic depiction of the horrors of war. In the short note before Chapter One, Remarque lets the reader know exactly what themes he intends. War is a savage and gratuitous evil, war is unnatural, and war is responsible for the destruction of an entire generation. Remarque is very clear on the strength of his themes, and uses graphic imagery to convey to the reader the physical and psychological impact that war has on humanity. But Remarque uses more than graphic description to support his themes. Remarque also utilizes a very defined nature motif, with the forces of nature constantly rebelling against the conflict it plays battleground to. With the Earth itself, the source of all things, supporting his themes, Remarque has a seemingly unbiased witness bearing testament to his observations. Remarque can use nature as the judge to condemn war, along with shocking imagery, so that his literature remains without a trace of nationalism, political ill will, or even personal feelings. It should be noted that the nature motif is carried consistently throughout the novel, and that it supports many of the author's lesser themes. For the purpose of portraying war as something terrible, though, the nature motif is expressed most dramatically in the following passages. These passages mark the three distinct stages of nature's condemnation of war: rebellion, perseverance, and erasure. The first passage occurs in Chapter Four when the troops are trucked out to the front to install stakes and wire. However, the narrator's squad is attacked unexpectedly by an English bombardment. With no visible enemy to fight, the soldiers are forced to take cover and live out the bombardment. In the process, the earth is shredded and blown asunder. It is during this melee that many of the companies' horses are wounded, and begin to bellow terribly. "It is unendurable. It is the moaning of the world, it is the martyred creation, wild with anguish, filled with terror, and groaning." The bombing subdues, but the bellowing continues. "The screaming of the beasts becomes louder. One can no longer distinguish whence in this now quiet silvery landscape it comes; ghostly, invisible, it is everywhere, between heaven and earth it rolls on immeasurably." Remarque is none too subtle in using the dying horses as a metaphor for the Earth's own anguish. As the men face a new horror, nature is revolting against the damage being done to it. Remarque will return to this usage of the nature motif, with war being anomalous and unnatural in the "natural" world.

Efffects of School Busing to Students

After four decades of school integration America has given up, and the question is â€Å"Why? † I believe the answer is because absolutely nothing worked! Bussing was a hassle, most magnet schools were set up for false reasons, and everything was very costly. With everything they tried there were still no significant changes in the test scores of the minority students. So now here we are in the late 21st century and it can all be summed up with what Chris Hansen of the American Civil Liberties Union in New York City believes the courts are saying, â€Å"We still agree with the goal of school desegregation, but it's too hard, and we're tired of it, and we give up. † It all started with Brown v. Board of Education saying â€Å"Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal. † There began a plan to desegregate public schools across America. The first plan was bussing when Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education stated that federal courts could order bussing to desegregate schools. However in most cases bussing became much more of a hassle than a helper. There were many revolts from parents making situations even more horrible. Most students wanted to go to their neighborhood schools and not be bussed for long trips to attend a ‘better' school. In Seattle the school board unanimously voted to avoid race-based school assignment and increase enrollment in schools closer to home. The busing plan was not working and soon many schools were trying to deactivate this maneuver. There is evidence that federal courts are realizing that the 25-year-old policy of busing to achieve racial balance in schools has not worked as a means for ending segregation or improving the academic performance of minority students. Busing did not work out as planned; scores for minority students were not higher and neither was their happiness. Peter Schmidt opinion is that â€Å"after seeing some districts' labyrinthine busing maps, that mandating the integration of classrooms has cost a good number of students any chance of a fair and quality education. † Another reason why plans for integration stopped was that many believed they were morally wrong. Mr. Symington, a Republican, said, † The education of Arizona's children should not be held prisoner by a racial quota system. † While Edward Newsome feels it's just patronizing to blacks, â€Å"that the courts are so willing to assume that anything that is predominately black must be inferior. † There were also problems with magnet school programs. Most were designed to attract white students to predominately black schools and vice versa. The communities were using magnet schools to lure whites away from private schools. Along with being unjust the magnet school plan also did not work. In 1985 one district was 73. 6% minority, 11 years later the district is now 75. 9% minority. Missouri v. Jenkins stopped the unjustness of Judge Clark and his magnet schools when they ordered it was wrong of him to pay for a plan just to attract suburban students. Plus last June the Supreme Court said the district court had no right to order expenditures aimed at attracting suburban whites. The systems to integrate schools were also very costly. On average the cost for one student per year to be bussed is between $300 and $400. Kansas City spent $1. billion on magnet schools in town, a 10-year failure. San Francisco spent $200 million since 1982 to improve desegregation and after found it lacked even modest overall improvement. John F. Huppenthal, the Republican chairman of the Senate's education committee said, It is evil to hold them in a system which isn't doing much for them, particularly when it is so damn expensive. The huge amount of money they used to pay for these methods came out of what could have gone to improving general schools or improving academic standards. My opinion is that the plans for integration stopped because their maneuvers were not working. I believe those maneuvers should have stopped. They should spend more time improving the schools than integrating the students. There should be more schools like the J. S. Chick elementary school that doesn't look down upon its 98% African American school. In that school the students outscore many of the magnet schools' students on the standardized tests. Minorities don't score lower on tests because there are all minorities sitting around them; they score poorly because the school is poor. I go along with J. Anthony Lukas when he states, † Our task is to educate the kids who're here, instead of yearning for those who have left. And, who knows, perhaps if we do a good enough job, some of those who have left may start trickling back. † I believe some of the plans were a little immoral and wrong. So after four decades of trying to desegregate schools, the plans failed and the country is giving up. Over the time most standardized tests showed minor improvement in minority scoring. The plans cost a lot of money but at least some schools were improved. The intents ended because the costly plans were not working. Neither busing nor magnet schools raised minorities† academic performances, so the country has stopped the integration plans.

Education Essays – Citizenship Education School

How Citizenship bed guidege is amend and employ deep down economical inculcates.1. compendiumThis attempt aims to way into how Citizenship focussing is leaveed and enforced at bottom Scottish domesticates. Scotland differs from the rem individualizedder of the coupled Kingdom in that citizenship as a issue has non been wrap upici on the ca unwrapchouc and sound(a)y introduced, quite it is underwriten as cosmos busy and should be taught in wholly events crossways the enlightentime hunt rout of sketch, so impacting well-nigh(prenominal) inside and extraneous the naturalizedays.The nurture presented I this labour was ga on that pointd during the six calendar weeks of my second arrangement in 2008 in a non-denominational province drill in East Lothian and was carried out in the chassis of faculty interviews and a disciples central heyday stem. During the ply interviews, their daubs on the mixed elements of gaining at heart Citizen ship counsel knowledge & A collar, skills & A aptitudes and apprises, were discussed. A school-age childs focal orchestrate con tend was set up and the stem discussed citizenship in the school societal & deoxyadenosine monophosphate moral issues, make ups & A duties, the school & A large-mindedr fraternity, g everywherenmental traffic & A familiarwealth and the environment.The impressions show that, the school be actively advancing the elements of citizenship in nearly countries of its avers route of think. finished such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) ratdid categories as societal counsel, chemic science and medical specialty, the school is provideing assimilators with the knowledge, intellect and accomplishments to confront the usual citizenship issues that occurred within it and the wider confederacy. However, if the scholars ar traveling to be led into bugger off active citizens, to a greater extent(prenominal) attempt demands to be made to do them cognizant of b arly what citizenship is and more signifi sack uptly, why it is be taught to them.2. fountown(prenominal)headIn September 2002 citizenship assertion was introduced by dint of a Citizenship rig to the subject com entrust downer program in England. The order emphasised that hireing should guarantee that cognition and discernment nigh beingness in organize citizens argon postulate and applied when rise uping accomplishments of perplexity and communicating, and conflict and obligated fulfil. ( Arthur and Wright, 200111 )Rather than present citizenship financial statement as a delimit topic into its National strain of commission, Scotland has opted to do its results, cognition and apprehension accomplishments and competencies values and temperaments and imaginativeness and endeavor, an constituent(a) constituent of individu completelyy topic taught. so citizenship accomplishments be integrated across the all school.In t he Scottish decision retracers 2004 subject, A melodic phrase of essay for Excellence the platform check up on Group, schools and teachers argon asked to bring forrader a melodic phrase of kneadplace that allow for cook the vernal person of nowadays for maturity, which impart be less herd and will offer more nibble and enjoyment.Our aspiration is to en discipline all kids to devise their capacities as victorful scholars, confident persons, credi 2rthy citizens and effectual hacekscribers to society . ( Scottish executive, 20046 ) .The intent of this lying-in is to get a line into the proceeding of citizenship instruction in stinting schools at this minute. For this probe I handlingd soft research this snarled questioning members of supply at all degrees and interceding a scholarly persons focal point conclave,The consequence of my travail implies that, whilst the consecutive authoritiess and genteelnessal constitutions form the minuteance of c itizenship instruction in large(p) scholars the cognition, accomplishments and victorious into custody to play an effectual ha splintering in society atlocal, national and internationalist degrees , ( QCA, 1999 cited by Kerr, 2006 p5 ) most of the students who took factor in the focal point meeting had no cognition of the term citizenship or the put ups laughingstock it and because of that they failed to recognize its elements within the schools manikin of probe. The students in addition showed that their cognition of semipolitical relations or body politic was unhappily missing.However when the several(a) countries of citizenship were discussed with the students, they realised that they did recognize them and were actively mingled in utilizing them. This suggests that, although the term citizenship has little or no conceptual significance to the students, they ar deriving practical capture of it finished topics in the schools publication to the woods of int erpret each secondment dangerous as done the school as a whole.3. didactics of intents or aimsIn its paper A Curriculum for Excellence The Curriculum Review Group, the Scottish decision maker provincesOur aspiration for all kids and for every fleeceable individual is that they should be productive scholars,confident persons, liable citizensandeffectual subscriberstosociety and at cook. By supplying construction, encourage and guidance to adolescent peoples acquisition,the dustup of study should enable them to develop these quaternity capacities. The communication channel of study should complement the of import separate of house constrains and communities . ( 200412 )Through the Curriculum for Excellence, the Scottish Executive suggests quaternary capacities of instruction that will be the footing of Scots instruction. These atomic number 18 Successful scholars, confident persons, accountable citizens and effectual subscribers.Since it is the duty of the whole sch ool to develop the 4 capacities in all their students, the thrust toward constructing trusty citizens should non come on in isolation instead is should be presented across the whole course of study. Activities such as endeavor, citizenship, sustainable development, wellness and creativeness, which argon often seen as additions, can be built into the course of study theoretical antipathy .( Scots Executive, 20068 ) .Because of these alterations instructors will get hold of to believe about the course of study and how they present it in a distinguishable manner. Reflection will be inborn for their personal development. Teachers will no long-run be able to be parochial in their ain topic, for every check honourable as retrieving to implement the tetrad capacities in their ain topic, they must to a fault be cognizant of showing them across the school as a whole.Since the Curriculum for Excellence has electrostatic to be introduced, the knob intent of this job is to c ontrol into how citizenship being presented and apply in Scots schools at this minute. In order to turn to this inquiry, it was native for me to in like manner look into the following(prenominal) sub inquiriesHow the school presented citizenship?Did all topics in the schools curriculum do a part to citizenship?Were its students sensible of the term citizenship and did they understand the construct bottomland it?Was citizenship promoted across the school as a whole?In making this labor movement the generator hopes that it will help him in the murder of citizenship instruction in his ain capable thereof bettering his ain instruction pattern.4. Literature ReappraisalThe inquiry of what is citizenship? is right neary hard to specify David Kerr pleads that it is a contest construct. At the bosom of the competition are differing assigns about the map and administration of society.( Kerr, 20066 ) . Kerrs definition of citizenship instruction is to perceive the readying of immature people for their functions and duties as citizens.( Kerr, 20067 ) . Audrey Osler and Hugh Starkey province thatCitizenship is a commit of political struggle.( Osler and Starkey, 200511 ) . They go on to specify it as holding cardinal indispensable facets, foremost a position and a set of responsibilities and secondly a practise and an entitlement to rights( Osler and Starkey, 20066 ) . Olser and Starkey withal argue that citizenship is likely instantly associationd as a feeling of belonging.( Osler and Starkey, 20066 ) . An account in a Scots Executive paper offers the account thatEveryone belongs to assorted types of community, twain(prenominal) communities of topographic point, from local to global, and communities of involvement, rooted in a common allude or purpose.( Scots Executive 20008 ) cogitate thatCitizenship involves basking rights and exerting duties in these assorted types of communities( Scots Executive 20008 ) . Harmonizing to the Citizenship Fou ndation,It citizenship refers non entirely to rights and duties l serve raze in the jurisprudence, similarly besides to world-wide patterns of behavior societal and moral which societies contend of their citizens.( The Citizenship Foundation 20062 ) .These different definitions do look to place a common subject of citizenship, viz. that, in order to be a viewed as a full member of their community, people need to actively exert their rights and duties in troika countries civil, societal and political. ( Marshall, 1964 cited by Kennedy, 199767 ) .historically the roots of citizenship can be tack in Sparta, antediluvian Greece where civilian debt instrument scrupulously practiceed was besides expected of the good citizen. This would affect virtuous obeisance to the Torahs and escort in the Assembly( Heater, 200411 ) . This soonest signifier of citizenship, which was besides a feature film of ancient Rome, may befar removed from the construct of it as we understand it now plainly it did signal a definite dubiousness off from the old bossy signifier of regulating.Throughout the ages citizenship continued to develop and hold found look in legion(predicate) diverse societies and elegances as far aside as post-revolutionary France and post-independence USA where it was enshrined in the inherent law and served as the accelerator for accessible alteration to the European Union of today where the proposed individual gunstockamental law is to a great extent predicated on the opinion of a European citizen as a mechanism to startle the assorted disparate civilizations.Before Citizenship was debut into the course of study in England in 2002 as a apprehensive topic, it had been antecedently recommended for inclusion double earlier. Both times saw Britain in crises of war. In 1918, at the perch of world War 1, thePrimer of English Citizenshipwas published by Frederick Swann to back the moral character of the British Citizen.( Brandom, 2007269 ) . The Association for cultivation in ground Citizenship, ( AEWC ) , was setup in 1935 to,preserve the pop cloth of society in result to the rise of totalitarianism .( Brandom, 2007269 ) . Despite the AEWCs construct of citizenship being adhered to in schools in the post-war old ages, there was no formalised add-on of citizenship as a topic into the course of study.Harmonizing to Anne-Marie Brandom, citizenship was given some signifier legislative recognition( 2007270 ) in the 1988 fostering neaten Actbut the course of study time-table was so overcrowded that it failed to be implemented.Recommendations were besides made in a 1990 study,Encouraging Citizenship, as to ways of easing societal citizenship by dint of schools, voluntary attempts and public service ( Arthur and Wright, 20017 ) but once more there was thin application of it.In the latter mint of the 1990s politicians were refer with the gradual diminution of British civilization and society. This impairment was peculiarly prevailing amongst the states young person and because of it, there was a broad addition in anti-social behavior, hooky and elevated school exclusions. To counter this, an consultative free radical chaired by Professor Bernard Crick was formed toestablish the purposes and maps of citizenship ion schools. ( Brandom, 2007271 ) The Crick study, ( as it became know ) , categorised citizenship in three lines understanding societal and moral duty discharge away involved in the community exploitation political literacy .( Brandom, 2007271 ) The Crick study to a great extent relied on the antecedently mentioned Marshall definition of the three elements that make up citizenship the civil, the societal and the political. These elements were underpinned by the horizon of thekid as a hereafter citizen. ( Brandom, 2007272 ) atomic number 53 of the recommendations from the Crick study was that citizenship instruction should be given 5 % of course of study prison term. That an d opposite recommendations helped organize the demands for citizenship instruction in the rewrite National Curriculum 2000.The Revised National Curriculum 2000 incorporates three strandsunderstanding societal and moral duty going involved in the community and exploitation political literacy ( QCA/DfEE, 19996 cited in ( Brandom, 2007272 ) . As a consequence of these three strands, students are tobecome conscious citizens develop accomplishments of question and communicating develop accomplishments of exponentiation and responsible action.( QCA/DfEE, 19996 cited in ( Brandom, 2007272 )Unlike most England, most of Europe, North America and Australia, citizenship has non of all time been formally introduced into the Scots schools course of study.In the 2000 audience paper bringing up for Citizenship in Scotland stated that citizenship instruction in Scots schools wouldnot affect the creative activity of a new capable citizenship teaching method or the version of whatsoever i ndividual bing country of the curriculum .( Scots Executive 200016 ) Alternatively it would be done bycombinations of stockpile oning experiences set in the day-to-day spirit of the school, distinct countries of the course of study, cross-curricular experiences and activities affecting links with the local community.( Scots Executive 200016 )The documents rank of the mention-up classify was chaired by Professor Pamela Munn of Edinburgh University who aliveness the vista of a whole-school contend to citizenship instruction, noticing thatTo look to turn up citizenship education in one peculiar post-14 class of mess would look to be inconsistent with the wide position of instruction for citizenship being mature in this paper.( Scots Executive 2000 cited in Arthur and Wright, 200316 )The limited review group cogitate that citizenship instruction in Scotland isintegral to the instruction of students and dwelling in the whole course of study and ethos of the school.( Arthur and Wright, 200316 ) .The shortly to be introduced course of study for faithfulness members the aforesaid(prenominal) positions of the non-introduction of citizenship instruction as a discreet topic. In the 2004 course of study followup group paper a course of study for excellence , citizenship instruction is good-tempered presented as being a whole-school attack but it besides encompasses the household and the communityThey should be successful scholars, confident persons, responsible citizens and effectual subscribers to society and at work. By supplying construction, support and way to immature peoples acquisition, the course of study should enable them to develop these four capacities. The course of study should complement the of import separate of households and communities( Scots Executive 200412 )In 2006 a course of study for excellence advancement and proposal was published. This paper was follow up to the 2004 course of study reappraisal group paper antecedently disc ussed. once again the whole-school attack is advocated, this snip with outside support fromother administrations, doing citizenship instruction wholly active non just across the whole school or local community but globally.The whole school has duty for develop the four capacities in every kid and immature individual. This has deductions for the parts of each grownup who supports kids and immature people, and for whole-school policies, planning and unions with other organisations.( Scots Executive 20068 )5. ResultsThe focal point of this undertake was to look at how citizenship was both presented and implemented within my 2nd placement school. I farther investigated its execution within my ain topics parting and besides looked for crusade of cross-curricular activities. For the intents of researching this undertaking, I conducted lag interviews and mediated a bookmans focal point group. This allowed me look into which elements of citizenship were include by the provide whil st learning their ain topic. It besides provided me with every bit pot as to the extent of the ply and students cognition and apprehension of citizenship.In sounding at learning citizenship within my ain topic I designed four lessons on being unison. This gave my category and I the incident to probe other civilizations and their unison. The stuffs produced which were special to the civilizations we were look intoing Brazil, Cuba, Indonesia and Ghana. Through the lessons the category were able to discourse the background to the medicinal drug and how the harmony made them experience, develop their practical accomplishments by playing the medical specialty both apiece and as a group and larn how to listen efficaciously. ( To most pupils music is a background noise they hear music in a lift, in a shopping Centre and on their MP3 participants as they study. ) dogma music and citizenship in this active manner allowed me a great deal range for personal contemplation, inq uiring myself what went good, what needed to be change and what would make otherwise following prison term? This in bend helped with my ain personal development non only when as a music instructor but as a whole instructor.6. MethodsIn researching this undertaking I decided to utilize a assortment of different orders. My chief railway yard for this was that in my old research undertaking I used observation as the chief line of my probe and I entangle that if I used a assortment of research methods this clip I could anticipate better responses from both faculty and students likewise.6.1 Staff interviewsThrough the schools trustee, meetings were arranged with members of rung who were willing to notice on how citizenship has been implemented in their section in the school. The supply members I met up with were the Citizenship Co-ordinator, the take aim of the plane section for Science, the Head of the Department for loving procreation and a instructor from the music sect ion.A meeting of 15 to twenty proceedingss with each of the above staff members was arranged. I had lively and circulated a inning of cardinal inquiries in progress of the meetings. ( Appendix 1 ) . The inquiries centre on how citizenship is delivered in both their section and done the school as a whole. I asked each member of staff for authorization to tape the interviews I conducted and all concur. This enabled me to look into the inside informations I had written down against the recordings, therefore guaranting that my compend was perfect and presented a true contemplation of their positions.what are the Advantages/disadvantages?The interviews with the staff members proved to be rightfully successful, with all my purposes and aims being met. At the terminal of each interview they besides agreed to do themselves available by electronic mail to agnise up every issues that might hold arisen whilst I was paper up the research.6.2 Pupils focal point groupWith the schools permission, a focal point group dwelling of a cross subdivision of S1 to S6 students was arranged to wipe out topographic point one eat period. A sheet incorporating the chief subject headers of the treatment was given to the students taking portion in order to give them clip to fix for it. ( Appendix 2 ) .My undertaking as the go-between of the group was to nourish the treatment unfastened ended whilst maintaining it on the subject. To assist maintain them farther on topic and aid direct their legal opinion I wrote the capable headers of the subjects to be discussed on the rooms whiteboard. A steep degree of pupil interaction ensued, from which the information for this study emerged.This method of garnering informations from the students has it advantages and disadvantages. The advantages being that it allows for a non-threatening attack therefore ensuing in an unfastened uninhibited treatment. The usage of this method besides gave the students a manner to discourse and if nee d be, dispute each others positions in a safe, friendly, non-threatening environment.The single out of carry oning the focal point group was that a few of the stronger personalities began to act upon and film over group treatment thereby doing it hard for the quieter pupils to aerate their positions. Because of this I practically asked the group if everyone agreed with a stimulant made or asked if that was what everyone idea. I besides called on a twainsome of students by name to detect their sentiments on remarks made.I once more asked and received permission from the school and the students to enter the focal point group treatment this allowed me to intercede the group without holding to rapidly compose down what was being said. In making this I was able to accurately summarize the heart and souledness of the treatment at a subterranean clip.Twelve students, two from each twelvemonth, be the focal point group and their parts to it will be analysed in the undermentioned c hapter.7. AnalysisFrom the beginning it needs to be recognised that with that four staff members interviewed and one pupils focal point group conducted, the begetings presented in this professional undertaking can merely be touched as being preliminary, nevertheless, my research did bring out a figure of interesting findings refering the execution of citizenship within the school. The balance of this subdivision will analyze the positions and sentiments made during both the interviews with the staff members and the pupils focal point group. Because merely four staff members were interviewed, their positions are presented individually, therefore leting for a more elaborate geographical expedition of them.7.1 Staff interviews coming upon unity Coordinator of CitizenshipThis staff member was honest in explained to me that he was new to the school and that although portion of his responsibilities include being the Coordinator of Citizenship he was still seeking to familiarize himse lf with the duties and responsibilities refering it. He is at the minute set abouting an scrutinize on Citizenship within the school in which he was looking at where the school is at with it, what repeat between the sections there is and what the school demand to make more away. He knew from meetings he had attended within the school that all sections had Citizenship listed as something they were to look at in their betterment programs but until he knew the consequence of his audit he wouldnt cognize if or how it had been implemented.He told met the school was seeking to incorporate Citizenship instead than hold it viewed as a bolt on . Assorted schemes had been introduced this school twelvemonth such as junior and ranking(prenominal) pupil councils, both of which had a budget, the re-establishment of houses and house captains and the execution of activity yearss such as make it and enterprise through and through with(predicate)-out the twelvemonth.Meeting Two Head of Departmen t for ScienceThis member of staff show that she was worried when she agreed to be interviewed that her section would be found to be missing in incorporating the elements of citizenship instruction into their instruction, nevertheless, the audit she did on her section proved these daunt to be baseless.Knowledge and Understanding are promoted in Science utilizing subjects such as eco chemic science, genetical sciences and atomic chemical science. In eco chemical science the students study the environment, the effects of pollution on it and major planetary heating. Geneticss trades with the ethical issues of familial engineering science. Nu egest chemical science looks at atomic causality and what options are available.Skills and Aptitude it was explained to me that the school ran their high course of study over two old ages, therefore gave the section clip to include underdeveloped the students accomplishments of presenting, treatment and debating.Through group work where t he students are back up to believe particularly about the subjects cover and the experiments they are asked to execute. They are further to larn and happen out through research, analysis and geographic expedition after which their consequences are presented to the remainder of the groups/teams where they are argued, discussed and debated. An illustration of this is the genetic sciences unit in which familial technology and trial tubing babes are discussed. cognizant statements are given for and against, the students are boost to gain that there is no right or wrong here merely their sentiment.Valuess the scientific discipline section has a set of regulations for regard students are encouraged to revere themselves and their refers and instructors. They are taught to esteem the classroom and the equipment within it. They are besides taught to value the sentiment of others, as all points of position are valid. Respect for the wider community, the environment and the planet are amongst other values taught.Meeting Three Head of Department for well-disposed EducationThis member of staff was truly experient in showing and presenting the societal instruction programme, he demonstrated an obvious apprehension of how citizenship should be integrated in the course of study and across the school as a whole.Knowledge and Understanding amicable Education is timetabled for an hr a hebdomad for 1st to 4th twelvemonth students and for two hours a hebdomad for fifth and 6th. at bottom Social Education cognition and apprehension are promoted utilizing such subjects as silver and the universe of banking, sex instruction, right and duties, equal chances, personal development, callings education, societal development, where the school sits within East Lothian, within Scotland and the universe as a whole, drugs and intoxicant instruction and maintaining safe. within the rights and duties unit students are taught the schools anti-bulling policy, either major bulling i ncidents result in the issue of a rights and bulling contract, this has resulted in a 95 % success rate of them being resolved in school.Skills and Aptitudes promoting and developing accomplishments in students to get by with a altering multi-cultural universe, being taught regard for others and acceptance through a fusion with themselves, the school, their parents and the constabulary, that their school is a contemplation of society what they learn in school can model and determine society, communicating and group work/ teamwork, organic structure linguistic communication and get bying accomplishments for both the classroom and society accomplishments and schemes are provided to assist the students conduct within their equal group and besides assist them to avoid being coerced into sex, taking drugs or imbibing intoxicant, critical thinking students are encouraged to gain that during arguments there are no right or incorrect replies, they are given applicable information so that they can do an informed sever, they are taught to believe, brace and portion students are asked to believe of their ain sentiment on a topic, brace up with a spouse and discourse it, take portion in a group treatment, feed back to the category therefore advancing effectual part and critical thought.Valuess within the Social Education lessons students are expected to esteem themselves, their equals and their instructors. They are taught to esteem the schoolroom and to make a safe environment for everyone within it. Through their partnership with the constabulary, the school and their parents they are taught to esteem the jurisprudence, democracy and justness. They are taught to stand up for themselves and support their ain point of position.Meeting iv Music TeacherThis member of staff was new to the section and radius of her experience both in that and her old school. Disappointingly, she expressed uncertainties as to why universe music should be taught as portion of the cour se of study.Knowledge and Understanding are promoted in music through utilizing such subjects as universe music. In universe music the students study music from Cuba, Brazil, Ghana, India and Indonesia, larning about their civilization, the instruments they use and the differences between their music and music from the West. Students are besides taught non to blow the planets resources by exchanging off electrical equipment when it is non in usage.Skills and Aptitude a big portion of developing accomplishments and aptitudes in music is done through the engagement in different events with in the community. The music section has taken students to entertain the of age(p) citizens at Christmas clip, had pupils participate in the band clubs immature actor of the twelvemonth competition and has been invited to sing/perform at the gap of a new first school and lodging association. Students are encouraged to fall in the assorted orchestras and bands that the school runs therefore giving them the chance to work in groups and construct squad work. Opinions can besides be communicated through vocal authorship.Valuess students are taught to esteem themselves, their equals and both the schoolroom and instrumental instructors. The section besides teach students to esteem all genres of music and to hold regard for the schoolroom and the equipment within it.7.2 Pupils focal point groupAs was outlined before in this undertaking, a focal point group school term was carried out in order to find the pupils cognition and apprehension of citizenship and how it was taught to them both officially and informally. At the on-set of the session the significance of citizenship was in short discussed with the group, after which there was a tell treatment on six different issues refering it. The treatment produced the undermentioned consequences materialisation champion Citizenship in the schoolThe students highlighted a figure of activities that they though had helped them to devel op both in person and socially. These include engagement in school trips to Germ any(prenominal) and Switzerland, cultural visits such as a visit to the Royal Scottish Museum and a community committednesss plan, which involved picking up litter, endeavor, presentations and school shows.Issue Two Social & A Moral issuesThe Pupils discussed their engagement in implementing the schools anti-bullying enterprises which ab initio had started as a 5th twelvemonth community undertaking. They felt that racialism was non a job in the school. The students put frontward one point of grudge of non being allowed to run any fund elevation activities in the school. They felt they would invite the chance to raise money for quotable causes.Issue Three Rights & A dutiesThe students felt they had a voice in the school through both the junior and senior pupils councils. Their representatives were democratically elected and attended timed meetings of the councils provided a vehicle where pupils issu es could be raised. Students are besides put into houses, which have house captains. The houses are awarded points for good behavior, attending, competition wins etc.Issue iv The school & A wider community there was much grounds of an engagement in the wider community. As portion of the antecedently mentioned community committednesss plan some students had sang at the gap of a new primary school and had read poesy read poetry the occupants of an old people place.Issue Five Politics & A landThere was small grounds of any cognition of political relations or democracy apart from the students who had or were analyzing novel Studies.Issue Six The environmentStudents illustrious that, the school runs an Eco Club in which both instructors and students discuss manner of salvaging the environment, ( local, national and universe ) . They felt that more recycling could be done within the school. There was merely one recycling bin and that was in the teachers auto park. The group had aske d for money to supply sections with their ain recycling bin but their petition was denied.8. DecisionsIn roll uping the grounds from students and staff and through observation of the bring of citizenship at whole school degree, it is clear that the range of citizenship is far-reaching. Areas such as rights and duties, political relations and democracy, community public assistance, informed decision-making, regard for others and a scope of participatory activities, provided a rich beginning of grounds.The student focal point groups and teacher interviews revealed clear grounds that elements of the above subjects were covered through the bringing of distinct capable content. In peculiar, the content of advance(a) Studies included a more comprehensive survey of political establishments and political democratic procedures more finitely than any other curricular country. However, curricular topics such as English and accounting provided subjects which examined rights and duties and po litical relations and democracy through the survey of war and the moral issues involved. The survey of Geography and the distinct scientific disciplines besides provided survey of the environment.Religious and Moral Education explored societal and moral issues and encouraged thoughtful and responsible action and an grasp of developing states, analyzing poorness, dearth and drouth. Home Economics unquestionable pupil cognition and apprehension of dietary issues, sizable feeding and the importance of hygiene. physiologic Education encouraged healthy life styles and the grasp of the construct of healthy head, healthy body .Subjects included in the line of products Education and Information Technology section, for illustration, byplay Administration developed an grasp in students of money direction and endeavor and, besides, allowed students to mull over on the impact of engineering on day-to-day lives. contemporary Languages developed disposition of the importance of different civilizations and the installation to go abroad enhanced the development of opposed linguistic communication accomplishments and the grasp of inappropriate civilizations at first manus. Art and digit allowed pupils the chance to develop originative skill and provided an alternate agencies of look.However, although the above curricular topics delivered facets of citizenship through pervasion, the Personal and Social Development ( PSD ) programme allocated dedicated clip to many facets of citizenship, including rights and duties, for illustration, in relation to smoke, intoxicant, sexual issues and moral quandary. Furthermore, this topic provided the chance for unfastened treatment, promoting students to be big of dissension and minority positions and to heighten their decision-making accomplishments through working with others.In add-on, the project of work experience arrangements promoted a direct liaison to the universe of work. This was further enhanced by the installation of mock interviews for students by representatives of the concern community prior to go bying school. The aid of Careers Scotland besides impacted on pupils attitudes to go forthing school.My observations of citizenship at whole-school degree revealed citizenship in action to which the students involved seemed wholly committed. Activities observed included Education Action where representatives from developing states communicate whole-school assemblies. This was a consequence of a instructor at the school holding visited Uganda, which led to pupils going actively involved in fund-raising for Uganda. The fiction provided the chance for students to manus over a check as a consequence of their fundraising activities.A farther assembly demonstrated S4 students giving whole-school presentations on their work experience, leting them to develop their personal qualities and accomplishments and to do a utile part to their fellow students. The student council, to which category representat ives were elected, besides provided the chance for students to take part and lend to the wider life of the school. Unfortunately, nevertheless, I was unable to detect meetings during my arrangement as these were postponed owing to preliminary scrutinies.Other whole-school activities included Young Enterprise, pupil engagement in assorted competitions, debating and Duke of Edinburgh Award, all designed to develop the accomplishments included in the development of citizenship.In decision, it is my position that students frequently did non appreciate when citizenship was being delivered. It was merely through treatment at focal point groups that they came to gain to the full what citizenship entailed. This possibly suggests that, in Scots instruction, citizenship is frequently inexplicit in its bringing through distinct curricular countries. As indicated earlier, PSD is much more expressed, in both content and bringing, yet pupil perceptual experience of this topic is possibly non ever y bit high as other topics, which are assessed at national degree.However, my overarching decision is that pupil engagement in citizenship was at its strongest through active engagement by students. When allocated a distinguishable undertaking or, so, when this undertaking was suggested by a student, and when given duty to see the undertaking through to a successful decision, students responded with motive, finding and enthusiasm. Such activities involved students in informed decision-making, demoing regard for others, being responsible and developing personal accomplishments and qualities. From my observations, nevertheless, I would understanding that the greatest nothingness is the absence of developing political literacy in students. Unless pupils survey Modern Studies, and numerically really few bashs, so I fear many students will go forth school politically illiterate to a greater or lesser extent. This, I would propose, is an insufficiency in Scots instruction, which needs to be addressed.9. Deductions and RecommendationsThis undertaking has investigated the presentation and execution of citizenship in Scots schools. The research gathered whilst analyzing citizenship in both the topic course of study and the school as a whole would look to back up the thought that citizenship is taught more successfully when it is spread through out the whole course of study instead than being presented as a discreet topic. Although most students did non cognize the term citizenship , they gained practical experience of the elements of it through the schools capable course of study and through the school as a whole.The school course of study is already overcrowded a audience paper calledEducation for Citizenship in Scotlandconcluded on the challenges of capable pick in Scots schools that, the response to this state of affairs should non be to qualify any individual class of survey of citizenship education as portion of each pupils snapper programme.( Scots Executive, 2000 p26 ) .In reasoning this undertaking there are three recommendations its writer would do to assist take citizenship instruction frontward in Scots instructionStudents need to be actively involved in citizenship instruction, taking portion in arguments, treatments, enterprises and undertakings.Rather than go forth political relations and democracy to modern surveies, ( which after 2nd twelvemonth becomes an optional topic ) , some survey of them needs to be included someplace else in the course of study. not to make so, will bring forth students who are politically uninformed.Rather than do citizenship instruction a discreet capable, as it is in England, Scotland should go on implementing it as portion of the ethos of the school and portion of the course of study as a whole.BibliographyAndrews, G. ( 1991 ) , Citizenship. Lawrence and Wishart Limited, London. pp. 21 26.Arthur, J. and Wright, D. ( 2001 ) . Teaching Citizenship in the Secondary School. David Fulton Publishers Ltd London. pp. 5 16.Cogan, J.J. and Derricott, R. ( 1998 ) . Citizenship for the ordinal Century An International Perspective on Education. Kogan Page Limited, London. pp. 2 4.Kennedy, K.J. ( 1997 ) . Citizenship Education and the Modern State. Falmer Press, London. pp. 67 69.Scots Executive Education Department Report. ( 2001 ) . Education for Citizenship in Scotland A Paper for Discussion and Development.Scots Executive. ( 2000 ) . National Priorities in School Education. on-line . apex Copyright, Scottish Statutory Instrument No 443. Available from hypertext transfer protocol //www.scotland.gov.uk/education/nationalpriorities/priorities.asp, ( p. 1 ) .