The Influence That Criminology Has Had on the Criminal Justice System Since 1750 Essay Example for Free

The Influence That Criminology Has Had on the Criminal Justice System Since 1750 Essay The question is what is criminology and what effect has it had on the criminal justice system? The study of criminology has had a significant effect on the criminal justice system since the 1700’s. There are three main schools of thought within criminology, they are -Classicist -Positivist -Chicago/Subculture theory Discussion Criminology is the study of causation, correction and the prevention of crime. Criminology was brought about during the late 18th century when people sought the reform of the criminal justice and penal systems. This was because they saw the system at the time as cruel and inhuman, because the systems were applied unequally and were subject to large amounts of corruption. They were seen as inhuman as they often used death or torture as forms of punishment no matter what the crime committed was (Farlex, n. d). During the early 18th century there is an obvious decrease in the amount of power held by the church and an increase in poverty. Also at this time there is a marked increase in crimes being committed. There was a great need to establish a better criminal justice system (Dawkin, J, 2011). This brought about the classicist school of thought, the leading writer within classicist theory is Cesare Banesano Beccaria (1738-1794) he wanted the law to apply equally to everyone, instead of some people being able to buy their way out of punishments others who held positions within society which allowed them to be exempt. Baccaria also wanted crimes to hold specific punishments and that these punishments should be standardised by legislatures, he believed this would avoid abuses of power within both the criminal justice system and also the penal system to some extent (Farlex, n. ). Jeremy Benthem, was also a leading writer of classicist theory, both he and Baccaria wrote that all people are rational and have free will, so therefore commit crime by choice. Benthem also believed that people made the choices they did because they are seeking pleasure and that people will avoid causing themselves pain. Baccaria and Benthem concluded that the punishment received for committing a crime could be seen as a form of pain and so should be one greater than the pleasure gain from committing that crime (Farlex, n. d) The beliefs: -That all people are rational People commit crime by choice -The punishment of a crime should be equal to the pleasure gained create the foundation of what is seen as classicist theory today, classicists believe that preventing crime is as important as punishing crime but also that it is important restrict people as little as possible. (Farlex, n. d) During the 19th century it was noticed that even though there had been changes made to the criminal justice system, in line with classicist theory, there did not appear to be any changes to the crime rates (Dawkins, J, 2011). At this time positivist theory were becoming apparent, they give a more scientific approach to criminology, Cesare Lombroso was the most well know of the positivist writers. Lombroso was mainly influenced by Dawins theory of evolution, he believed that a persons physical features could determine whether they were likely to display criminal behaviour. Lombroso believed that a persons cranial, skeletal and neurological malformations could give a clue to whether a person would commit a crime or not, he believed that biology created aa criminal class. However since lambroso wrote about this theory, he has been disagreed with harshly (Farlex, n. d) Lombroso did have a much bigger effect on criminology, when he emphasized the difference causes of crime, those included environmental causes that have no biological basis (Farlex, n. d) he also believed that somebody could be born a criminal and that criminality was not a choice but in you genes, this is known as â€Å"Atauism† (Akeis, R. L and Sellor, C. S, 2004) The Chicago school is the scientific study of social problems, if there is an understanding of how social, physical and environmental factors affect people then by studying them it may be possible to find a solution to them. This school of thought believes that the community plays a big factor in how and why people behave the way that they do (umsl, n. d. ). Albert Cohen was the first sociologist to develop a Chicago/subculture theory. The main idea within the Chicago theory is that the area people live in has a direct effect on the way in which those people act. In particular the study looks at younger boys who have underachieved in education, living in inner city areas. Cohen found that mainstream values of success created problems for young working class males -They did badly at school -They failed to gain the skills needed to succeed in society Cohen coined the term â€Å"Status Frustration† to describe the way in which young working clss males became easily frustrated with their low status in society as a result of their lack of income and they underachievement. Due to status frustration and all the elements that cause status frustration they are often labelled by their peers and elders which results in them getting little respect, this often leaves young working class males to believe that there is no other alternative than committing crime, specifically stealing the things that they want in order to stop being labelled as a â€Å"loser† and gain the respect that they crave from the peers and elders (Smith . D, n. d). The subculture that these young working class males often belong to actually support the idea that school in a â€Å"waste of time† and â€Å"not and important part of their future†, which leads to them believe that they do not need to succeed within education (Smith . D, n. d) â€Å"Members of such subcultures take the norms and values of mainstream society and turn them â€Å"upside down†, where as anti-social and criminal behaviour is looked down upon by wider society, it is highly valued by the delinquent subculture† The consequences of turning mainstream norms and values on their head, provides a release from subculture frustration. By succeeding the norms and values they created the young working class males gain respect from their peers, which in turn encourages this criminal behaviour. Among certain peer groups the committing of some types of crime such as joy riding and vandalism helps to gain respect and to increase their status within their social group (Smith . D, n. d) The current criminal justice system is based almost completely on the posivitist and classicist theories, these make little or no allowance for why women commit crime. If there is no understanding of this, how can there be an accurate solution? People should look at a gender specific approach to the criminal justice system (Sentencing project, n. d). Feminist criminology is mostly concerned with the victimisation of women, along with victimisation; feminists also look at female delinquency, and inequality between genders within both the law and the criminal justice system (hermida. J, n. d) Feminist’s theory is split into four main areas: -Liberal Feminism -Marxist Feminism Radical Feminism -Socialist Feminism Liberal feminism came about in the 1960’s; there main issue is that women are discriminated against because of their sex. The two most well-known of liberal feminist theorists are Freda Alder and Rita Simon (hermida. J, n. d) Both Alder and Simon challenge the â€Å"sexist† assertions made by Lombrosian criminologists. They believe that it is sociological factors and not physiological factors that are the best way to explain why women commit crime in today’s society. They also believe that the more women become involved in and have full time jobs the more likely they are to commit crime that are seen to be male orientated, but this lack support as most crimes committed by women are not related to labour market opportunities (hermida. J, n. d). Marxist feminist theory generally agrees with liberal feminists is that women are often dominated by men which prevent them from fully participating in society. They believe that rape is made more common in our society because of how women are dominated by men, they believe that society has made it more acceptable in our society (hermida. J, n. d). Radical feminism focus mainly on the abuse of women, the see male power as the cause of all problems in society including crime (hermida. J, n. d). Socialist feminists’ most well-known theorists are Piers Beirre and James Masserschmidt. It comes from both Marxist and radical feminism; they see crime as a product of our capitalism society (hermida. J, n. d) Conclusion Since the 1700’s when people began to want change within the criminal justice system and the penal system, criminology has had a big effect on the changes made within the criminal justice system. Initially the new criminal justice system was just based on the classicist point of view and when there was no change in the crime rates, it was changed again to include both the classicist, positivist and subculture theories. There are still changes that need to be made as there is no consideration made for feminism and why women are committing more crime in today’s society than ever before.

Deception Essay -- essays research papers

Deception   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Whether conducted by the patrol officer, the victim’s advocate, the prosecutor or the investigator assigned to a special unit in the criminal investigation division, the interview of a victim, witness, suspect or informant is a critical element of any investigation. Precious resources in the form of man power, money, time and equipment can be wasted because of the failure of the interviewer to conduct a complete interview and accurately evaluate the credibility of the information gained from the subject interviewed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As a part of the three pillars of the criminal investigative process, a thorough and complete interview provides greater insight into the psychological elements of the suspect or even victim’s behaviors during the commission of the crime. The interview can also provide understanding of and give a clear definition to the evidence isolated by the forensic investigation of the case. In spite of its importance however, the value of the interview alone can be nil without the psychological and forensic pillars. By the same token a poorly executed interview along with a flawed effort to assess credibility can degrade if not destroy the efforts in the forensic and psychological portions of the investigation and any subsequent prosecution.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A complete and successful interview will almost always be characterized by four basic elements: orientation, narration, cross-examination and resolution. In its own way, each of these four elements is unique and accomplishes specific goals. Without all four elements no interview will be complete. Orientation is accomplished on both an overt and covert level. Overtly the function of the orientation period is to establish some form of dialogue with the subject being interviewed. This can be achieved through personal introductions and possibly some form of brief light conversation if conditions and time permit. It is also the period during which the interviewer advises the subject as to the purpose of the interview, its importance, and the necessity to be totally forthcoming, honest and cooperative. Granted in many cases this is not going to be a socially comfortable situation nor will it always intended to be so. Covertly the objective of the investigative interviewer to establish some form of understanding of the person b... ...alysis of the subject’s narrative nor will they be effective at unlocking the truth during the cross-examination phase.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The final element of a successful interview will be the â€Å"resolution† phase. It is during this portion of the interview that the subject after effective cross-examination acknowledges their responsibility in the commission of the act or in the least that they had a motive to at least deliberately lead or outright lie to the interviewer. For these acts they must accept the consequences and provide truthful information to the interviewer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is through a â€Å"narrative based† interview that the investigative interviewer will be able to obtain the largest quantity of information as well as the highest quality. Without dedication by the investigator to attain these goals their efforts in the psychological assessment and the forensic identification, collection, preservation and analysis may suffer severely and ultimately the satisfactory conclusion of their case. Invariably there will also be only one real good opportunity to achieve these goals. It is imperative that the interviewer gets it right the first time.

Film Analysis: Decalogue(10 Commandments) Essay

1)The Exodus’ literal meaning is the journey of the Israelites from Egypt under Moses. God wants the Israelites to not have other gods before Him because He, in the ways of the Exodus, has spoken to them. 2) Moses was subjected to death because of the pharaoh’s order to kill the first born son. His mother was scared for her first born to be killed so Moses was brought to the river and got dragged to the Princess palace. He got adopted even though she knew that he was a slave child. And from that event was Moses’ enlightenment shone. Through his life as a Egyptian child. Moses encountered God through the burning bush. God talked to him and told him that he was the chosen one, the one to free the Israelites. Moses disagreed because he doesn’t want to go back to Egypt and he’s already living peacefully in the desert camp. The Egyptians have many gods and they worship to of all of those gods. The Israelites has one God and was losing their faith to Him because of their torment of slavery. The desert people, on the other hand, celebrate as their form of worship; for great harvest. The plagues were: Plague of Blood; Plague of frogs; Plague of lice; Plague of flies; Plague of Pestilence; Plague of boils; Plague of hails; Plague of Locusts; Plague of Darkness; Death of the firstborn. God wanted the Israelites to worship only Him for what He has done and what He will be doing to them. God dictated the covenant to the Isralites, not negotiated. For He has a promised land to give to Israel. The Israelites complained that there were no food and water so Moses talked to God about their complaints. God sent manna from heaven which was the food for them. God then ordered Moses to break the rock with his staff from which flowed water. The two sons of Moses were Gershom and Eliezer. His father-in-law was Jethro and his wife is Zipporah whom he met from the desert camp when he escaped from Egypt. The Israelites spent about 400 years in Egypt. There were about 2.5 million Israelites that went out Egypt. They avoided the main road because the Egyptians would be ambushing them there to block them from escaping. The passover used Lamb to be sacrificed and eaten. Its blood would be shed on the top of their houses’ doors and be eaten at night of the Passover. From the bible’s scripture Exodus 13:21: â€Å"By day the Lord went ahead of them in a pillar of cloud to guide them on their way and by night in a pillar of fire to give them light, so that they could travel by day or night.†; And that was how they went out of Egypt day and night. The twelve sons of Jacob was Reuben, Gad, Joseph, Judah, Simeon, Levi, Zebulun, Issachar, Naphtali, Asher, Benjamin, Dan. The tribes were called; Reubenites; Gadites; Josephites; Zebulunites; Issacharites; Naphtalites; Asherites; Benjaminites; Kennizites; Levitites; Simeonites; And Judahites. 13) It was, for me, an epic movie. It amazed me how the people of God lived in Israel and how they went out of its slave order. The miracles of God are really touching stories. The movie was really great!

Poetry Essay Prompt - 2545 Words

AP Literature Poetry Essay Prompts (1970–2011) 1970 Poem: â€Å"Elegy for Jane† (Theodore Roethke) Prompt: Write an essay in which you describe the speakers attitude toward his former student, Jane. 1971 Poem: â€Å"The Unknown Citizen† (W.H. Auden) Prompt: In a brief essay, identify at least two of the implications implicit in the society reflected in the poem. Support your statements by specific references to the poem. 1972 NO POEM 1973 (exam not available) 1974 Poem: â€Å"I wonder whether one expects...† (No poet given) Prompt: Write a unified essay in which you relate the imagery of the last stanza to the speaker’s view of himself earlier in the poem and to his view of how others see poets. 1975 NO POEM 1976 Poem: â€Å"Poetry of Departures†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦show more content†¦1988 Poems: â€Å"Bright Star† (John Keats) and â€Å"Choose Something Like a Star† (Robert Frost) Prompt: Read the following two poems very carefully, noting that the second includes an allusion to the first. Then write a well-organized essay in which you discuss their similarities and differences. In your essay, be sure to consider both theme and style. 1989 Poem: â€Å"The Great Scarf of Birds† (John Updike) Prompt: Write a well-organized essay in which you analyze how the poems organization, diction, and figurative language prepare the reader for the speakers concluding response. 1990 Poem: Soliloquy from Henry IV, Part II (William Shakespeare) Prompt: In the soliloquy, King Henry laments his inability to sleep. In a well-organized essay, briefly summarize the Kings thoughts and analyze how the diction, imagery, and syntax help to convey his state of mind. 1991 Poem: â€Å"The Last Night that She lived...† (Emily Dickinson) Prompt: Write an essay in which you describe the speakers attitude toward the womans death. Using specific references from the text, show how the use of language reveals the speakers attitude. 1992 Poem: â€Å"The Prelude† (William Wordsworth) Prompt: In the passage below, which comes from William Wordsworths autobiographical poem â€Å"The Prelude,† the speaker encounters unfamiliar aspects of the natural world. Write an essay in which you trace the speakers changing responses to his experiences andShow MoreRelatedLiteracy Is The Common Understanding Of Literacy988 Words   |  4 Pagesour experiences or certain prompts. The teacher told us to write a short story, one or two pages, of how our summer went, what we did, and how it felt to be back in the school routine. Looking back these stories took little to no planning and weren’t too difficult, but I think it helped becoming a more literate writer. Writing about personal experiences has always come easier to me, it just feels easier to make the writing â€Å"flow† rather than writing an essay over some prompt you can’t relate to. AnotherRead MoreThe Age Of Reason Or Known As The Enlightenment1189 Words   |  5 PagesRomantic movement came with a wave of romantic writers, such as, John Stuart Mill. Mill in particular identified with self-consciousness or individualism. His concept of individualism presented itself in his writings, â€Å" On Liberty† and, â€Å" What is Poetry.† Born May 20, 1806, Mill was a well known English-speaking, British Philosopher. Mill grew up well educated by his father, James Mill, who taught him Greek and Latin, in which her fully excelled. He also studied logics, mathematics, and masteredRead MoreMy Experience With Writing1470 Words   |  6 Pages I find myself sitting on my fuschia papasan chair. With my notebook in my hand, I slowly open it to reveal a fresh clean sheet of paper. With peace and inspiration filling my mind, body, and soul, I begin to fill its pages with tried attempts of poetry and eventful situations of my day. A smile forms onto my lips as I stare at it. Writing about myself and experiences was all I knew. For days my English 12 class went by in a breeze. We were instructed to use Khan Academy, to learn something newRead MoreMy Influence On My Language Essay1367 Words   |  6 Pagesallows for me to feel more confident, whether it is for a presentation or just an email to a coworker, and this confidence has a large and positive effect on my communication skills. When I begin writing something that is more formal, such as an essay like this one, I prefer to start with extensive notes and a cup of tea. I am not someone who typically procrastinates, I usually try to do everything early because it helps me manage my stress levels. I take handwritten notes and then proceed to makeRead MorePoem Analysis : Incantation 882 Words   |  4 PagesPreston Middleton Poetry Summer Assignment Hildbold Czeslaw Milosz Incantation Prompt: Much is said about the power, for good or evil, of language. In the poem Incantation, the author discusses this power. In the opening line, the author sets the stage for the piece, stating: â€Å"Human reason is beautiful and invincible.† Read the poem carefully, and then write a well-developed essay in which you analyze how the author conveys the power and potential of language. Language has an indisputable powerRead MoreThe Wellfleet Whale By Stanley Kunitz Essay1743 Words   |  7 Pagesmodern times, a new genre of poetry has emerged and marked with mix feelings and the difficulty of recognition. Eco-poetry surface recently in the 1990’s. Since the 1990’s, eco-poetry continues to gain acknowledgment from the general poetry community as well as have many poems published under the eco-poetry genre. One poem that will be examined today holds many of the elements eco-poets found important in eco-poems. The poem, The Wellfleet Whale, by Stanley Kunitz, prompts issues on the natural worldRead MoreAnalysis Of John Milton s Paradise Lost, The Faerie Queene1308 Words   |  6 Pagesmaking his strong opinions against the high church and royalists. T.S. Elliot writes: â€Å"The Civil War of the seventeenth century, in which Milton is a symbolic figure, has never been concluded†¦ of no other poet is it so difficult to consider the poetry, without our theological and political dispositions, conscious and unconscious, inherited or acquired, making an unlawful entry† (Elliot, 1947) During a period of Milton’s time King Charles I was crowned and held high regard for royal authorityRead MoreI Never Considered Myself A Bad Writer1021 Words   |  5 Pageswas good at looking at a prompt and filling in the requirements for an essay and getting a good grade. It was as though in high school my writing barely scratched the surface of the topic that was assigned. I looked at the text and took it only at face value, not considering deeper motivations and meanings behind the work. In the AP English Language and Composition class I took in my senior year of high school, my teacher told us how difficult and menacing college essays would prove to be. As andRead MoreGraduation Speech : A Writer At The Beginning Of My College Career944 Words   |  4 Pagesat hand. In an informal setting, I often begin causally, jotting down ideas on a piece of paper or in a journal. Typically it ends up being a long paragraph of running ideas and tangents regarding different occurren ces and topics. When faced with a prompt or formal writing, I like to first analyze the topic and determine the purpose of the instructed writing. Once the points and guidelines are clear and a general topic surfaces, I begin to narrow it down and create at least three main points from whichRead MoreThe Heat Of Summer863 Words   |  4 Pagesacceptance rates into the teens, tens, and five percentiles. Though the competition is not letting up, the variety of online resources that offer support to applicants is growing. Guidance from online literary websites comes in the form of writing prompts, program rankings, and personal accounts from other writers, confessing their own self-doubt as a means to make the experience of trying to become a writer less solitary. Perhaps we have less well-known artist cafes and speakeasies than our historical