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Thursday, February 28, 2019

Organizational Environments and Cultures

- PRINCIPLES OF watchfulness - CHAPTER 3 ORGANIZATIONAL ENVIRONMENTS AND CULTURES 1. HOW CHANGING ENVIRONMENTS AFFECT ORGANIZATIONS Environmental reposition The stride at which a anyiances general and specific milieu changes * Stable surrounds the regularise of environmental change is slow * Dynamic environments the rate of environmental change is fast * Punctuated equilibrium theory companies go through with(predicate) long periods of stability, followed by a short complex period of slashing change (revolutionary periods) to later return to stability * Environmental complexity Refers to the moment and intensity of international factors in the environment that affect systems * Simple environments hardly a(prenominal) environmental factors Complex environments many environmental factors * Resource scarcity Refers to the abundance or shortage of critical organizational resources in an organization external environment * Uncertainty How well managers peck understand or p revise the external changes and trends affecting their cable * Uncertainty is lowest when environmental change and complexity are at low takes and resource scarcity is miniature (if environment is non too complicated and doesnt change a good deal its easy to predict) . FOUR COMPONENTS OF GENERAL ENVIRONMENT 1. Economy * It influences basal argumentation decisions such as whether to hire more employees, expand production, or take out loans to purchase * In a growing preservation more products are bought and sold, more people work and salaries rise and viceversa (in decrease economy) * Business Confidence Indices shows how confidente actual managers are about future business growth 2. Political/Legal Trends Includes legislation, regulations, and court decisions that manage and regulate business behaviour * New laws and regulations continue to impose additional responsibilities to companies 3. Sociocultural Trends * demographic characteristics, general behaviour, attitudes an d beliefs of people in a particular society 4. expert Trends * Refers to the knowledge, tools and techniques used to transform inputs into outputs 3. FIVE COMPONENTS OF SPECIFIC ENVIRONMENTThe specific environment is the environment that is unique to a firms indus sample and that directly affects the right smart it conducts day-to-day business. 1. Customer * Monitoring customers changing wants and call for is critical to business success. It can be done in ii ways i. Reactive customer monitoring identifying and addressing customer trends and problems after they transcend ii. Proactive customer monitoring identifying and addressing customer needs, trends and issues before they occur 2. contest Companies need to keep close track of what their competitors are doing * To do so, they carry through a competitive analysis * A competitive analysis involves deciding who your competitors are, anticipating competitors moves, and determining competitors strenghts and weaknesses 3. Suppli er * Supplier dependence the degree to which a lodge relies on that supplier because of the importance of the suppliers product to the familiarity * Buyer dependence the degree to which a supplier relies on a buyer because of the importance of that buyer to the suppliers sales * A igh degree of supplier or buyer dependence can trine to oportunistic behaviour (benefiting at the expense of the other) * In contrast, relationship behaviour focalisationes on establishing a mutually beneficial, long-term relationship between buyers and suppliers 4. Industry Regulations * Regulations and rules that govern the practices and procedures of specific industries, businesses and professions * Unlike the political/legal component of the general environment, this does not affect all businesses 5. Advocacy Groups These are congregations of concerned citizens who band unneurotic to try to influence the business practices of specific industries, businesses and professions * e. g. environmental a dvocacy groups try to influence manufacturers to pollute less * Ways in which advocacy groups can influence businesses iii. Public communications voluntary participation of media industry to throw out the groups message iv. Media advocacy involves framing the groups concern as public issues that affect everyone, forcing media coverage v.Product boycott advocacy groups actively try to persuade consumers not to purchase a companys product or service 4. MAKING aesthesis OF CHANGING ENVIRONMENTS Because external environments can be dynamic, confusing and complex, managers use a three-step process to make sense of the changes in their external environments 1. Environmental see * Searching the environment for important events or issues that might affect the organization * Manager scan the environment to reduce incertainty 2.Interpreting Environmental factors * After scanning, the company determines what environmental events and issues mean to the organization. * Distinguish environment al events as either threats or opportunities 3. Actiong on threats and opportunities * Managers decide how to respond to these environmental factors * Because it is impossible to comprehend all the factors and changes, managers rely on Cognitive maps that summarize the perceived relationships between environmental factors and possible organizational actions 5.INTERNAL ENVIRONMENTS ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE Organizational culture is the preen of beliefs, values and attitudes shared b members of an organization. * Creating an Organizational Culture * The founder is the primitive source of an organizations culture * Founders create organizations at their have image * When founders are gone, culture is kept with i. Stories to emphasize culturally self-consistent assumptions, decisions, and actions ii. Heroes people admired for their qualities and achievements within the organization. Successful Organizational Cultures * Are universal * Have employee involvement * Have a clear company spate * Are Consistent, Strong culture (even though strong cultures reduce adaptability) * changing Organizational Cultures * Culture has three levels iii. Seen (surface level) iv. Heard (expressed values & beliefs) v. Believed (unconscious assumptions & beliefes) * Managers should only focus on the parts of the culture they can control, those are the surface level items and expressed values and beliefs

Investment in Vietnam

betokenBOOK ON championship AND INVESTMENT IN VIETNAM BERLIN, 2011 FOREWORD Over the past devil decades, Viet Nams frugality has bee n developing quick owing to its inside moi (Renovation) policy and activeness to comprise itself into the spherical economy. W ith its enormous efforts and de termination, and effective cooperation with inter subject partners and fri differences worldwide, Viet Nam is taking fast(a) locomote towards industrialisation and modernization.With a stable political env bidment and groovy economical potentials, Viet Nam is an attractive destination for doing fear and coronation. The authorities of Viet Nam has been ceaselessly endeavoring to melio stray the coronation climate with the object lens at creating an increasingly business-friendly surround in Viet Nam. Germany is the biggest economic partner of Viet Nam in Europe. The economic cooperation amongst the two countries has been productively burgeoning.In an effort to further strengthen the economic cooperation between Viet Nam and Germany, t he Embassy of the Socialist region of Viet Nam in coordination with the relevant ministries of Viet Nam to publish the Guidebook on traffic and enthronisation of Viet Nam, which is expected to provide German businesses with an everywhereview of the Viet Nams economy and its business and enthronement climate.We ar confident that German businesses rat recoup helpful culture and guide airs on enthronization and doing business in Viet Nam from the Guidebook, and thereby have a deeper understanding of the Viet Nams economy, a propulsive every(prenominal)y appear and reliable destination for external investiture flows. We deeply thank the Ministry of impertinent Affairs and the Ministry of readying and investiture funds of Viet Nam for their kind support and assistance. We would like to chat our sincere thanks to Dr.Andreas Stoffers, Board Member of German Business linkup Vietnam and Member Executive Committee E uroean Chamber of Commerce Vietman for reviewing this book. W e besides heartedly thank Marktforschung und Kommunikation GmbH for her great cooperation and excellent coordination in publishing the Guidebook. Dr. Do Hoa Binh Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary Ambassador of the S. R. Viet Nam to the Federal state of Germany 2 ABBREVIATION ASEAN BCC BOM BOT BT BTO CEPT CIT CPC DOLISA DPI EIAR EL EPC EPZ EU EZ FIC FOB gain domestic product HTZ IL IZ JVC LTT LUR LURC MFN MOIT MOLISA MONRE MOST MPI NOIP ODA PCT confront PPP RO SBV TTC USD VAT VCAD VNDW TO Association of southeasterlyeast Asian populations Business co-operation edit out Board of Management of IZs, EPZs, HTZs and EZs Build-operate-transfer (including its derivative forms, BTO and BT) Build-transfer Build-transfer-operate Common Effective Preferential responsibility Scheme Corporate income evaluate Civil Proceedings Code tike Department of Labour, War Invalids and Social Affairs Provincial Department of discipline and investment funds environsal impact assessment report Enterprise practice of faithfulness Environment shelter commitment Export bear on order European Union Economic z i contrary-invested company Free on carte du jour Gross Domestic Product high-pitched-tech zone enthronisation constabulary Industrial zone Joint venture company Law on Technology transferral local heavens networkd use well(p)s Certificate of land use rights Most Favoured Nation Ministry of pains and switch everyplace Ministry of Labour, War Invalids and Social Affairs Ministry of Natural Re get-gos and Environment Ministry of Science and Technology Ministry of Planning and Investment National power of intelligent Property Official knowledge assistance Patent Cooperation Treaty individual(prenominal) income tax Public Private Partnership Representative Office bow Bank of Vietnam Technology transfer contract United cites of America dollarValue-added tax Vietnam Competition Administration Depart ment Vietnamese Dong W orld pot Organisation 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD . 2 VIETNAM AT A GLANCE .. 5 I KEY FACTS .. 5 II POLITICAL SYSTEM III ECONOMY . 6 IV foot .. 13 V VIETNAM- GERMANY ECONOMIC kindred.. 21 LEGAL involve FOR INVESTING AND DOING BUSINESS IN VIETNAM .. 24 I INVESTMENT REGULATIONS . 24 IITRADE REGULATIONS 30 III TAXATION 35 IV CUSTOMS REGULATIONS 42 V LAND LAW .. 44 VI FOREIGN EXCHANGE AND LOANS .. 9 VII EMPLOYMENT .. 52 octonary COMPETITION LAW 58 IX ENVIRONMENT 62 X INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY .. 64 XI TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER 1 XII DISPUTE RESOLUTION .. 73 BUSINESS TRAVEL GUIDE TO VIETNAM . 77 APPENDICES appurtenance 1 LIST OF SECTORS ENTITLED TO INVESTMENT INCENTIVES .. 80 APPENDIX 2 LIST OF GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS OF INVESTMENT INCENTIVES . 84 APPENDIX 3 USEFUL CONTACTS AND ADDRESSES IN VIETNAM .. 87 4 VIETNAM AT A GLANCE I KEY FACTS ? Official name The Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Capital Hanoi. ? Largest city Ho chi Minh metropolis. ? Administrative subdiv isions 58 lands and 5 municipalities (Hanoi, Hai Phong, Da Nang, Ho ki Minh and stooge Tho). ? Official language Vietnamese. ? military identify In the center of atomic number 16east Asia, neighboring on China to the north, Laos and Cambodia to the west, and the east Sea and Pacific Ocean to the East and South. ? Area 331,690 km2. ? Coast line 3,260 km. ? Climate tropical in south monsoonal in north with hot, rainy oceanson (mid May to mid-September) and warm, dry season (mid-October to mid-March). Population (2010) 86. 9 jillion, by area (urban 30% and rural 70%) and by age (less than 15 twelvemonths old 24. 7%, 15 -64 years old 68. 5% and to a greater extent than 65 years old 6. 8%). ? Population concentration 262 people/km2. ? Literacy 93. 7%. ? Natural resource Energy resources ( inunct, gas, coal, hydro occasion and wind power) minerals (bauxite, iron ore, lead, gold, precious stones, tin, chromate, anthracite, saying materials, granite, marble, clay, white sand and g raphite) sea and tropical forestry resources and artless potential. ?Currency Vietnamese Dong (VND). ? Exchange rate (April 2011) 1 USD = 20,725 VND. ? gross domestic product (2010) 104. 7 one thousand zillion USD. ? gross domestic product per capita (2010) 1,204 USD. ? GDP real harvest rate (2010) 6. 78%. ? GDP by arena (2010) land (20. 6%), diligence (41. 1%) and Service (38. 3%). ? Exports Crude oil, garments, shoes, marine products, electronic products and components, funitures, rice, coffee, rubber, tea, white pepper. ? major(ip) merchandise merchandises USA, Japan, China, Australia, Singapore, Germany, South Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines, Netherland. ? significances Machinery & equipment, petroleum products, pharmaceuticals, fertilizer, steel products, metallic element, textile, garment and shoe inputs, vehicles. 5 ? II Major qualified relation markets China, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Thailand, USA, Malaysia, India, Germany. POLITICAL SYSTEM The re al Constitution was adopted in 1992 and amended in 2001. It unfastenedly indicates that the State is of the people, by the people and for the people. The people access the State power through the National accumulation and Peoples Councils, which are composed of elected even upatives who represent the peoples lead and aspirations.The Constitution endows whole citizens, men and women alike, with equal rights in in all political, economic, cultural and social spheres as well as in family affairs, the right to and freedom of belief and religion and the right to choose and practice a religion, the right to and freedom of movement and residence in Vietnam, and the right to go abroad and return home as stipulated by laws. The National fiction is the highest representative body of the people, endowed with the highest State power of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.It governs constitutional and legislative rights, decides fundamental domestic and irrelevant policies, socioeconomic t asks, and study defence and security measures issues, etc. It exercises the right to supreme supervision of all activities of the State. The State President is the Head of State, elected by the National Assembly from among its deputies to represent the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in domestic and unusual affairs. The term of part of the President is the same as that of the Chairman of the National Assembly.The Government is the executive body of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. It has the same term of righteousness as the National Assembly and administers the carrying into action of State affairs in the depicted objects of politics, economics, culture, society, national defence and security and abroad transaction. The government is headed by the Prime subgenus Pastor and comprises Deputy Prime Ministers, Ministers and early(a) government members. The ir prudent Peoples Court is the judicial body of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.It supervises and directs the judicia l cause of local Peoples Courts, Military Tribunals, Special Tribunals and other tribunals, unless otherwise prescribed by the National Assembly at the establishment of such Tribunals. The Supreme Peoples Procuracy oversees the enforcement of the law and exercises the right to prosecution, and ensures serious and uniform carrying into action of the law. III ECONOMY Since the Doi moi (reforms) were introduced in the mid-1980s, Vietnamese economy has changed rapidly.Replacing the old centrally-planned economy, Vietnam has shifted to a new economic structure namely a socialist- lie market economy, and has gained significant success. Today the aim of Vietnam is to become a basically industrialized country by 2020. 6 Overall achievements Vietnam embarked on Doi moi in 1986 and the country has seen many prominent changes since. Over the drop dead decade it has recorded an medium GDP yield rate of 7. 3 percent per annum, ranking it second in the region after China. Its economy suff ered from the 2008-09 economic crisis but recovered rapidly, with GDP growth rate of 6. 78 percent in 2010.ADB forecasts that the economy of Vietnam will amplification by 6. 1 and 6. 7 percent in 2011 and 2012 respectively. Vietnam already became a lower middle income country with its GDP per capita of 1,204 USD in 2010. To a ample extent, Vietnam has successfully transformed from a centrally-planned economy with heavy bureaucracy and subsidies to a socialist -oriented market economy characterized by strong dynamism and rapidly growing entrepreneurship. The countrys economy has integrated deeply into the global and regional economies, bring about a sharp rise in vocation great deals as well as an influx of opposed investment.The economy is well on the way to existence a multi-sector model operating according to market mechanisms. The confidential sector has enjoyed very favourable conditions created by the Enterprise Law of 2000, which institutionalizes the freedom of all in dividuals to conduct business in areas not forbid by law and removes a large number of administrative obstacles that hampered enterprises. With a view to raising the efficiency of the state -owned sector, the government has adopted assertive policy measures to reorganize the sector through equitization.As a result, much than 3,970 state-owned enterprises were equitized by the end of 2010. GDP of Vietnam, 2000-2010 long hundred 9. 0 8. 0 7. 0 80 6. 0 5. 0 60 4. 0 40 3. 0 2. 0 20 1. 0 0 0. 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Year GDP GDP growth rate ancestry General Statistics Office 7 GDP growth rate (%) GDP (trillion USD) 100 Progress in special sectors As Vietnams GDP continuously increases the countrys economic structure has in like manner seen remarkable changes. From 1990 to 2010 the share of the agriculture sector reduced from 38. 7 percent to 20. percent, spell that of industry and occasionion increased from 22. 7 percent in 1990 to 41. 1 percent in 2010. The service sector re chief(prenominal)ed relatively constant 38. 6 percent in 1990 and 38. 3 percent in 2010. Agriculture quiet plays a critical role in Vietnams socio-economic life since it generates about 57 percent of kernel employment and makes importingant contribution to the expansion of the countrys foreign trade. Vietnam are among the leading countries in terms of agricultural trades such as rice, coffee, cashew nuts and aqua-products, etc.Industry continues to grow rapidly in terms of gross yield, at an average rate of 10-15 percent per annum. Besides state enterprises, foreign-invested and the private enterprises play an increasingly important role in industrial organic evolution and exports. Services are growing at an average rate of 7-8 percent. In 2010 the value added of service sector grew 7. 52 percent with good performances being recorded in the trade, finance, and hotels and restaurant sub-sectors as consumption and tourism remained buoyant. Industry and work continue to increase their sha re in the economy.This reflects market oriented reforms, a gradual reduction in barriers to competition and to private sector development, and improvements in physical root. Greater diversification in industrial product and serve lays the foundation for further sustained growth in output and employment. VA growth rate by sector of Vietnam, 2000-2010 12. 0 10. 0 part 8. 0 6. 0 4. 0 2. 0 0. 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Year Agriculture Industry ancestor General Statistics Office 8 Service multinational economic integrationVietnam has made major steps forward in its commitments to regional and international economic integration. Following the introduction of Doi moi it gestural an economic and trade cooperation agreement with the EU in 1995, joined ASEAN in 1995, adhered to CEPT/AFTA in 1996 and became an APEC member in 1998. The Bilateral affair Agreement (BTA) with the United States was signed in 2000, which resulted in a dramatic increase in the trade flock between the two countries. Vietnam became the one hundred fiftyth member of the World Trade Organization on January 11, 2007.Vietnams commitments in the WTO increase market access for exports of goods and services of WTOs members and establish greater transparency in regulatory trade practices as well as a more level playing field between Vietnamese and foreign companies. Vietnam undertook commitments on goods (tariffs, quotas and ceilings on agricultural subsidies) and services (provisions of access to foreign service providers and related conditions), and to implement agreements on ingenious property (TRIPS), investment measures (TRIMS), customs valuation, technical barriers to trade, sanitary nd phytosanitary measures, import licensing provisions, anti-dumping and countervailing measures, and rules of origin. At present, Viet Nam has established diplomatic relations with 172 countries and signed 55 bilateral investment agree ments and 58 double taxation agreements with countries and territories including Germany. It has economic and trading relations with about 165 countries and territories. Vietnam holds membership in 63 international organizations and over 650 non-governmental organizations.The policy of multi-lateralization and diversification in international relations has helped Vietnam to integrate more deeply into the global and regional economies and increase trade and investment ties with nations all over the world. More importantly, Vietnam has improved its enable business friendly environment over time. World Bank recognized that Vietnam is one of the 10 most-improved economies in ease of doing business in 2010. Currently, its ranking is 78 and even higher(prenominal) than other Asia countries such as Indonesia, Philippines, China, India. Vietnams rankings according to various indices big businessman 2011-2010 rank 2010-2009 rankWorld Banks Ease of doing business 78/183 88/183 World Economic Forums Global competitiveness index 59/139 75/133 12/top 20 12/top 25 (*) ATKEARNEY FDI boldness index no(prenominal)e (*) data for 2007 9 International trade intact export volume of Vietnam increased by 18 percent per year on average in the last decade and its import volume also did so by 19. 2 percent per year. In 2010 its heart trade volume reached $155. 6 trillion ($71. 6 billion of export and $84 billion of import), equal to 149 percent of its GDP. Both the composition and timber of exports have improved significantly. The proportion of industrial products has risen considerably.The five biggest export items include oil, textiles, footwear, seafood and wood products. Vietnam is in the early stage of the industrialisation and modernization process and receives a large inflow of FDI therefore it relies largely on the imp orted equipment and materials. Trade relations with foreign countries, especially other countries in the region, have expanded over time. The biggest tradi ng partners of Viet Nam include China, America, ASEAN, EU, Japan and South Korea. International trade of Vietnam, 2000-2010 160 70 140 60 120 50 100 40 80 30 60 20 40 10 20 0 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010Year Export Import Trade in goods as % GDP Source General Statistics Office 10 Trade in goods as % GDP (percent) 180 80 Trade (billion US$) 90 expire 10 export and import items of Vietnam, 2010 Garment Machinery & equipment Footwear Steel products Seafood Petroleum products Crude oil framework Electronic products Electronic products Furniture Vehicles Rice Platics Machinery & equipment Garment and shoe inputs loved stone & metals Metals Rubber Animal feed 0. 0 5. 0 10. 0 15. 0 0. 0 5. 0 10. 0 15. 0 Import volume (billion USD) Export volume (billion USD) Export item Import item Source General Statistics OfficeForeign direct investment Since the introduction of the Law on Foreign Investment in 1987, by the end of 2010, 12,236 foreign investment projects we re license with join commemorateed gravid of $193. 4 billion and thorough disbursed groovy of over $61 billion. The investors from 92 countries and territories have committed investments in Viet Nam. Most of them are from Asia, Europe and America. Taiwan, Republic of Korea, Singapore, Japan and Malaysia and are the top five countries and territories place in Vietnam. The next five countries and territories are British Virgin Islands, America, Hongkong, cayman Islands and Thailand.These top ten countries and territories account for over three quarters of the total authorise projects and foreign registered bang-up in Viet Nam. Since 1996 there has been a drift towards investment in producing goods for export, bag construction, producing import substitutes and in labour intensive industries. There are more than 8,327 projects in the manufacturing and affect, real harshwealth and construction industries with a total cracking of about US$153,5 billion, accounting for aro und 80% of the registered capital.While there are foreign invested projects in all provinces and cities in Viet Nam, most investment has been in the key economic areas in the South including Ho Chi Minh City, Dong Nai, Binh Duong, Ba Ria, Vung Tau, and in the North including Hanoi, Hai Duong, Hai Phong and Quang Ninh. The foreign invested sector has increased rapidly, gradually asserting itself as a dynamic component of the economy, and has made an important contribution to enhancing the competitiveness and efficiency of the economy. In 20 10, the foreign invested sector has accounted for 21. 5% of the countrys total investment, contributed 18. percent to GDP, 54. 2 percent to export volume (crude oil included), 44. 4 percent to industrial gross output and employed 1. 6 million persons. 11 FDI inflow of Vietnam, 2000-2010 Project number Registered capital Service, 10. 7% Telecom. & transportation 4. 1% Service, 19. 2% changeing & manufacturing 48. 7% Agriculture, 1. 6% Processing & manufacturing 59. 8% Agriculture 3. 9% Telecom. & transportation 7. 7% Real estate & construction 30. 8% Power, water, gas, 2. 5% Mining, 1. 5% Real estate & construction 8. 4% Power, water, gas, 0. 5% Mining, 0. 6% Source Ministry of Planning and Investment FDI of Vietnam by sector, 2010 600 60 1400 1200 50 potassium 40 800 30 600 20 400 10 200 0 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Year Disbursement come up investment Note accumulate inflow of FDI by the end of 2010 Source Ministry of Planning and Investment 12 No. of project 1800 70 FDI inflow (billion US$) 80 Top 10 destinations and investors of Vietnam, 2010 Top 10 FDI receiving provinces Top 10 investing countries and territories Ho Chi Minh City Chinese Taipei Ba Ria Vung Tau Korea Republic Ha Noi Singapore Dong Nai Japan Binh Duong Malaysia Ha Tinh British Virgin Islands Phu pine away America Thanh Hoa Hong Kong Hai Phong Cayman IslandsQuang Nam Thailand 0. 0 10. 0 20. 0 30. 0 Total registered inve stment (billion USD) 0. 0 5. 0 10. 0 15. 0 20. 0 25. 0 Total registered investment (billion USD) Note Accumulated inflow of FDI by the end of 2010 Source Ministry of Planning and Investment IV INFRASTRUCTURE ? Road interlock ? 171,392 km country-wide. 2 North-South pivot routes (i) the 1A National Highway of 2,260km in duration from Lang Son to Ca Mau and (ii) the Ho Chi Minh Highway of 3,167km in duration from Cao Bang to Ca Mau. Railway network ? Total length of 2,632 km. 278 displace country-wide. Hanoi Ho Chi Minh City line 1,726 km (it takes 29. hours for evidence train). Linked to China railways in two directions, one from Lao Cai province to Yunnan province and one from Lang Son province to Kwangsi province of China. Planned to construct the railway lines connecting with Laos and Cambodia. midland waterway More than 2, three hundred rivers and canals with total length of 198,000 km. Inland waterway system of 35,386 km. 13 ? Sea ports ? Vietnam has 3,260km glidin gline, a strategic position close to international shipping routes and favored natural conditions of foundation, sea depth, current, tidal, sediment and channels for developing seaport business. 7 national level sea ports, 23 provincial level sea ports and 9 offshore oil and gas sea ports. Current major important ports include Cai Lan and Hai Phong in the North, Da Nang and Quy Nhon in the Centre and Sai Gon and Cai Mep in the South. Airports ? 8 international airports Cam Ranh (Nha Trang), Cat Bi (Hai Phong), Da Nang (Da Nang), Lien Khuong (Lam Dong), Noi Bai (Ha Noi), Phu Bai (Hue), Tra Noc (Can Tho), Tan Son Nhat (Ho Chi Minh City). In 2010, Tan Son Nhat Airport received 15. 5 million passergers and Noi Bai airport did 9. 5 million passengers. 14 domestic airports Buon Ma Thuot (Dac Lac), Ca Mau (Ca Mau), Chu Lai (Quang Nam), Co Ong (Ba Ria Vung Tau), Dien Bien Phu (Dien Bien Phu), Dong Tac (Phu Yen), Dong Hoi (Quang Binh), Gia Lam (Ha Noi), Na San (Son La), Pleiku (Gia Lai), Phu Cat (Binh Dinh), Phu Quoc (Kien Giang), Rach Gia (Kien Giang), Vinh (Nghe An). Business development zones ? 3 high-tech zones (Hoa Lac, Da Nang and Ho Chi Minh City) with total area of 3,509 ha of land. ? 260 industrial zones and export processing zones with total area of 71,394 ha of land. 15 economic zones located along sea coast with total area of 638,633 ha of land.Energy Electricity output reached 92. 7 billion kWh. Crude oil and gas exploited 23 million ton. combust exploited 44 million ton. Telecommunication 26. 8 million net users. 153. 7 million mobile subscriptions. 16. 4 million fixed environ subscriptions. 14 15 Vietnam rail network 16 National seaports of Vietnam No. Seaport Province Current capacity of ship (DWT) 1 Cam Pha Quang Ninh 50,000 2 Hon Gai Quang Ninh 40,000 3 Hai Phong Hai Phong 20,000 4 Nghi Son Thanh Hoa 20,000 5 Cua Lo Nghe An 10,000 6 Vung Ang Ha Tinh 30,000 7 Chan May Thua Thien Hue 30,000 8 Da Nang Da Nang 30,000 9 goop Quat Quang Ngai 0 ,000 10 Quy Nhon Binh Dinh 30,000 11 Van Phong Khanh Hoa 50,000 12 Nha Trang Khanh Hoa 20,000 13 Ba Ngoi Khanh Hoa 30,000 14 Ho Chi Minh City Ho Chi Minh City 30,000 15 Vung Tau Ba Ria Vung Tau 50,000 16 Dong Nai Dong Nai 20,000 17 Can Tho Can Tho 10,000 Source Decision 2190/QD-TTg dated 24/12/2009 17 Number and size of IPs and EPZs in Vietnam 300 71,394 70,000 60,000 40,000 150 26,971 260 100 183 11,830 50 50,000 43,687 200 300 1 2,370 12 30,000 20,000 one hundred thirty 10,000 65 0 1991 1995 2000 2005 2007 Year Number of IPs Size (ha) Source Ministry of Planning and Investment 18 2010 Size of IPs (ha) Number of IPs 250Economic zones of Vietnam 19 SWOT abstract of Vietnam Strengths Weaknesses ? One of fastest growing economies ? Few skilled professionals in Asia with average GDP growth of available 7. 2% per year over the last decade ? High bureaucratic barriers ? Stable political and social security ? Weak infrastructure (power, ? Abundance of human resources transportation) (l abour force of 46. 2 million people ? underdeveloped supporting young, motivated and educated industries. workforce 60% of population under 35 years old) ? Competitive business and return costs (cost labor, industrial land rent, energy cost, elephone cost, marine transportation, taxation) ? Available mineral and natural resources (coal, oil & gas, iron ore, bauxite, rare earth,.. ) ? Central location in South East Asia, long distance coast. Opportunities Threats ? Global integration (ASEAN, APEC, WTO membership) one of the worlds most open economies ? High inflation ? High trade deficit ? D rating of VND ? Higher take away for consumer goods and capital goods with better ? Banking and finance sector in infant stage quality because of being a lower middle income country, aiming at ? Low national reserves. an industrialized country and ncreasing urban population ? Export oriented and labour intensive industries ? Infrastruture (road, railway, seaport, airport, power) projects funde d by international donors or foreign investors. 20 V VIETNAM- GERMANY ECONOMIC RELATIONSHIP Trade Germany is the biggest trade partner of Vietnam in Europe. In 2010, despite the global economic downturn, bilateral trade reached nearly USD 6 billion, a lusty increase over the previous year. Total export value of Vietnam to Germany reached nearly USD 4 billion, accounting for 19% of total Vietnams export to the EU while its import value from German amounted to USD 2 billion.Vietnams main export items to Germany are garments, footwear, coffees, furnitures, see foods, leather and leather apparel, office machinery, iron, metal products, articles of plastics, ceramic products, crude rubber. Germany is the second-largest market worldwide for robusta coffee and black pepper of Vietnam. Main import items from Germany to Vietnam include machines (in mining, construction and civil engineering, textile, food and beverage,), aircraft, units for electrical energy generation nd distribution, pass enger cars, chemical products, pharmaceutical products, measurement, control and convention technology products, industrial plants, plastics, lifting and handling equipment, medical equipment and orthopedic appliances, engines, iron, metal products, elec tronic components subsequently WTO accession, Vietnam is becoming an emerging and lucrative market in Asia. As Vietnam is accelerating its industrialization process to become an industrialized country by 2020, the trend towards school product facilities is evident and it is likely to result in increased demand for hi -tech machinery made in Germany.Investment There have been over 230 German companies operating and investing in Vietnam, including many Germanys leading groups such as Siemens, Deutsche Bank, Mercedes, Metro, Bosch etc. By the end of April 2011, German companies have invested in 163 projects with registered capital of USD 825 million in Vietnam. Three fourths of total investment projects and two thirds of investment capital of Germany mainly concentrate in manufacturing, processing, technique services, information and communication technology, banking and finance services.Although German investment projects have been located in 26 locatio ns in Vietnam, most of them have been implemented in Ho Chi Minh City, Hanoi, Binh Duong and Dong Nai. In the upcoming time, the active implementation of mega infrastructure development and energy projects partially funded by German ODA such as the metro line No. 2 Ben Thanh An Suong in Ho Chi Minh City (with length of 11 km and total investment capital of USD 1. 25 billion), O Mon IV thermo power, Phu Lac wind power, Vietnamese Green Line, will have positive impacts on promoting German investment flow into Vietnam.German foreign trade and investment promotion is well positioned in Viet Nam. German companies and investors can access to supports and advices from AHK Vietnam, German Business Association (GBA), a correspondent of Germany Trade and Invest (GTAI) in Vietnam. 21 Development cooperation Vietnam is an important partner of Germany in development cooperation. As one of the biggest donors among the EU members, Germany has provided Vietnam with more than EUR 1 billion in ODA since 1990. During 2011 2012, Germany committed nearly EUR 300 million for Vietnam. This is a clear evidence for strong support by Germany to the development of Vietnam.German-Vietnamese development cooperation focuses on the three priority areas (i) Sustainable economic development and vocational training (ii) Environmental policy, conservation and sustainable use of natural resources (iii) Health. German development cooperation has been utilizing effectively and contributing positively to socio-economic development of Vietnam, especially in vocational training, human resource development, infrastructure, clean energy source. During the visit of German prime minister Dr. Angela Merkel to Viet Nam in October 2011, Hanoi Declaration was signed by Prime Minist er Nguyen Tan Dung and Chancellor Dr.Angela Merkel. It is the start of the strategic partnership between Vietnam and Germany. Export and import between Vietnam and Germany, 2007-2010 4000 3500 Value (USD million) 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 2007 2008 Export from Vietnam to Germany 2009 2010 Year Import to Vietnam from Germany Source German Federal statistical Office 22 Gernam investment flow into Vietnam by sector, 2010 Registered capital Service, 10. 5 Agriculture, Telecom. & 5. 4 transportation 0. 4 Real estate & construction 1. 0 Project number Processing & manufacturing 53. 6 Processing & manufacturing 46. 7 Service, 34. 2 Agriculture 2. 0 Power, water & gas, 29. Telecom. & Mining, 0. 7 transportation Real estate & 10. 5 construction Power, water & gas, 2. 0 3. 9 Mining, 0. 0 Source Ministry of Planning and Investment 23 LEGAL GUIDE FOR INVESTING AND DOING BUSINESS IN VIETNAM I INVESTMENT REGULATIONS On 1 July 2006, the investment politics comprised of a unified Enterprise L aw (EL), which regulates corporations, and a common Investment Law ( IL), which regulates investment, came into effect. The promulgation of these two important legislations is considered a significant watershed for improvement of the legal environment on investment activities and corporate governance in Vietnam. . Overview To do business under the IL and EL, foreign investors are required to obtain investment certificates from an appropriate Licensing way. Under the IL, investors whitethorn invest in all sectors not prohibited by law. prohibited by law include Areas ? Investment projects detrimental to national defence, security, and the public interest ? Investment projects detrimental to historical and cultural traditions and the ethics or customs of Vietnam ? Investment projects harming peoples health or destroying natural resources and the environment and ?Investment projects treating toxic waste imported to Vietnam and investment projects manufacturing toxic chemicals banned by international law. 2. Licensing Investors shall follow the licensing and enrollment steps depending on the size and the sector of the investment project. Investment Certification Process 24 Conditional sectors Investment projects in conditional sectors shall satisfy definite conditions in order to be licensed. Conditional sectors include ? Broadcasting and video ? Production, publishing and distribution of cultural products ?Exploration and exploitation of minerals ? Establishment of infrastructure for telecommunications network, transmittance and provision of internet and telecommunications services ? Establishment of public postal network and provision of postal services and express services ? verbalism and operation of river ports, sea ports, terminals and airports ? Transportation of goods and passengers by railway, airway, roadway and sea and inland waterways ? Catching of aquaculture ? Production of tobacco ? Real estate business ? Import, export and distribution busin ess Education and training ? Hospitals and clinics and ? Other investment sectors in international treaties of which Vietnam is a member and which restrict the opening of the market to foreign investors. Investment Registration Foreign investment projects with a total invested capital of less than VND 300 billion (US$ 15 million) and not travel in a conditional sector are subject to investment registration and foreign investors of such projects shall carry out the procedures for investment registration in order to be granted an investment certificate.The investment certificate also serves as the business registration of the corporate entity. Enterprises can subsequently register additional investment projects without the need to create a separate entity. The investor should interpret application documents for investment registration to the Licensing countenance. The Licensing Authority shall check the documents and issue the investment certificate to the investors within 15 worki n g days of receiving the valid application.Investment paygrade Any investment project with a total invested capital of VND 300 billion (US$ 15 million) or more or investment projects falling in conditional sectors shall undergo an investment military rating by the Licensing Authority and other relevant authorities. There are two different types of evaluation ? evaluation for investment projects regardless of total invested capital falling into conditional sectors and ? evaluation for investment projects with total invested capital of VND300 billion or more that do not fall into conditional sectors.For the evaluation of investment projects with total invested capital of VND 300 billion or more, along with the application documents, the applicator must also submit an economic technical explanation of the investment project to the Licensing Authority. This covers the economic technical explanatory statement, 25 objectives, scale, location, investment capital, implementation schedu le, land use needs, and technological and environmental solutions of the investment project.For the evaluation of investment projects falling in conditional sectors, in addition to the application documents, the investor shall also demonstrate compliance with requirements specific to that conditional sector. When assessing the application documents, the Licensing Authority may liaise with other relevant Ministries and authorities in evaluating the proposed investment project. Items to be evaluated shall comprise ? compliance with control readying/zoning for technical infrastructure, master planning/zoning for land use, master planning for construction, master planning for utilization of minerals and other natural resources land use requirements ? project implementation schedule ? environmental solutions. The time-limit for evaluation of investment shall not exceed thirty (30) days from the date of receipt of a complete and valid file. In necessary cases, the above time -limit may be extended, but not beyond forty five (45) days. Applying for Construction License Filing for Investment Certificate Applying for the approval of hide on environment effects evaluation Agreement on land/building/office renting Evaluating overture technical design Environmental protection ommitment Land/building/office renting contract 26 Projects subject to Projects subject to environmental protection construction license commitment Investment Certificate Projects subject to Report on environmental effects evaluation To-Do List for Investors 3. Licensing Authority Licensing Authority 3. 1 The Board of Management (BOM) of industrial zones (IZs), export processing zones (EPZs), high-tech zones (HTZs), and economic zones (EZs) are responsible for licensing foreign investments within their zones. 3 . 2National important BOT projects and PPP projects are licensed by the Ministry of Planning and Investment (MPI). Oil and gas projects, credit institutions, insurance projects and law fi rms are licensed by Ministry of Trade and Industry, State Bank of Vietnam, Ministry of Finance and Ministry of Justice respectively. 3 . 3 The Provincial Peoples Committee is the authority responsible for all other foreign investments. Licensing applications shall be submitted to these bodies, who will consult with other relevant governmental authorities (where so required) before issuing closing approval. . 4 The Prime Minister will approve the next investment projects (unless they are not included in the approved master plan) (a) The following investment projects, irrespective of the source of investment capital and scale of investment construction and commercial message operation of airports air transportation construction and commercial operation of national sea ports exploration, mining and processing of petroleum exploration and mining of minerals radio and television broadcasting commercial operation of casinos production of cigarettes stablishment of university tra ining establishments and 27 establishment of IZs, EPZs, HTZs and EZs. (b) The following investment projects, irrespective of the source of investment capital but with a total invested capital of VND 1,500 billion or more in the following sectors business in electricity, processing of minerals, metallurgy construction of railway, road and internal waterway infrastructure and production and business of alcohol, beer (c) The following projects with foreign-invested capital in the following sectors commercial operation of sea transportation onstruction of networks for and supply of postal and delivery, telecommunications and internet services, construction of wave transmission networks printing and distributing newspapers and printed matter, publishing and establishment of independent scientific research establishments. 4. Forms of Investment and Enterprise Under the Law on Investment and the Law on Enterprises foreign investors may choose the following forms of investment in Vi et Nam Investment forms Invest in business development Establish economic organizations (100% capital of foreign investors or joint venture) Purchase shares or contribute capital to participate in management of investment activities Invest in contractual forms of BBC, BO, BTO, BT, PPP and M of enterprises. While foreign investors are allowed to buy shares in many domestic companies without limitation, there are ownership limitations for certain companies listed on the Vietnam stock exchange and financial sectors. Foreign ownership cannot exceed 49 percent of listed companies and 30 percent of listed companies in the financial sector. Forms of enterprises Limited obligation company (with one member or more than one member)

Hotel Hilton

The Hilton Worldwide Performance benefit is an integrated system of innovative solutions and advanced technologies that work together to fuck off increased business and keep costs down, without comprising quality. Together, these seven services reserve access to the latest tools, technologies, forward-thinking strategies, and the most influential people in the persistence to create an unrivaled competitive advantage. Hilton Performance good Benefits The Hilton Performance Advantage combines the power of scale, access, reputation, and innovationdelivered by the worlds premier cordial reception company.Our system provides powerful resources across our portfolio of brands, delivering leaders edge solutions to consistently start profits and efficiencies. This solution creates a higher share of wallet, guest loyalty, and leading innovation making it easier for on-site personnel to focus on delivering a superior guest experience. Hilton Performance Advantage Services Hilton HHonors Hilton HHonors is the award-winning guest-loyalty schedule for Hilton Worldwides ten distinct hotel brands, honoring its 27 jillion members by allowing them to turn points into experiences worth sharing.Learn more Hilton Worldwide Sales (HWS) A team of professionals are ready to help you build influential guest relationships and meet the demands of todays Corporate, Group, and Leisure travelers. Hilton Reservations & Customer Care (HRCC) undergo team members provide 24-hour, multi-language global coverage in an effort to swear and deliver business to your property. Global Online Services Reach travelers at every(prenominal) opportunity with the latest mobile, search, and online channels that place your property at their fingertips.Revenue circumspection Consolidated Center (RMCC) Revenue Management supports you in maximizing mart share through price optimization, inventory & channel management. Information technology (IT) Technology is the foundation of the Hilton Performa nce Advantage, offering both you and your guests access to technology solutions such as reservations, Internet access, and entertainment. Hilton Supply Management (HSM) Our seasoned team secures you the best pricing, highest quality, and fastest delivery of the products and services your Hilton property needs.

Wednesday, February 27, 2019

Cultural Investigation Essay

The musical theme will discuss the main aspect of a Comanche and what their culture is same(p). The paper encapsulates an interview from such a Native American and this interview will be analyzed with the help of other sources from the Internet. The paper will be followed by first introducing the Comanche tribe with their features and then go about analyzing the interview. The culture of the Comanche will be discussed in the light of how they lot their elders, children and their relatives. The culture also includes some of their important aspects of religion along with the linguistic communication that they use.The paper will attempt to cover the overall aspect of the Comanche and their cause in the society. Introduction to a Comanche The Comanche are a Native American convention whose historical range (the Comancheria) consisted of present-day Eastern New Mexico, grey Colorado, Southern Kansas, all of Oklahoma, and most of Northern and Southern Texas. There expertness once take up been as many as 20,000 Comanches. Today, the Comanche Nation consists of about 10,000 members, about half of whom go through in Oklahoma (centered at Lawton), with the residuum concentrated in Texas, California, and New Mexico. (Wikipedia, 2006 ) From the above definition it can be understood that the Comanches are very old inhabitants of the United States of America and have long lived there. There are a number of reasons why the Comanches had left their older origin which is near Wyoming. The tribe had shifted to Arkansas where they are today inhabited. The reason why the Comanche is given a name like that is because it is believed that they like to fight and act as strangers to the other people. The origin of Comanche comes from a Spanish word and this is why it is used.They have always been a separate group and have not mingled much with the other tribes and other citizens of the country. Interview of a Comanche The name of the interviewee was Andrea Pahdocony who b elongs to a tribe called Comanche of Oklahoma Lord of the Plains). The following questions and answers provide a summary of what their culture is like and how they live their lives. The questions and answers will then be analyzed along with other corporeal to understand what their culture and beliefs are along with their values.

Chipotle Case Analysis

Chipotle chance Analysis-By Team PYSHEN Strategic Issue Chipotle plan to find out a correct and effective strategy to continue its sustainable growth and to support its profitability by penetrating high market sh ar succession competing with its powerful rivals in the fast-casual food for thought industry. External Environment analysis ecumenical 1. Demographic Population size (O) potential increase in US Age bodily structure mainly servicing adult between 18-49 eld old Geographic distribution (O) 39 states in the US, 1 in British and 2 in Canada Ethnic Mix N/A Income Distribution medium or high income (Customers willing to pay the premium). . sparing (T) stagnate, increasing food terms damage (demotic 3. 9%, global 37%) and customers dwindling budgets. 3. Political (T) ICE shifts its focus PETA asked to use CAK definition of rosy food. 4. Sociocultural (T) Higher wage for CIW. 5. Technological Prevailing Social media (O) Tortilla wicket machine (T). 6. Global Cultural di fferences for new stores (T) in international markets. 7. physiological Environment N/A. INDUSTRY 1. New entrants (H) Low Barrier, small economies eggshell, point of intersection taste better, and small capital requirements. 2. Suppliers (L) customized food, many an(prenominal) local anaesthetic farms. . Buyers (H) low merchandise costs, sales represent all revenue. 4. Substitute (H), low switch cost, many choices. 5 Rivalry (H), many equally balanced competitors low storehouse cost. Internal Environment Analysis Tangible Resources Financial (S) High ROI (approx. 10%) and operation cash flow. (V) Capacity to borrow N/a. Organizational self-sufficiency in operation, strong incentive. (V). Physical 22 independent distributers with high qualities. (R), exhausting to get A location, and higher cost of construct, new stores sales ar cannibalized by existing ones. W), local supplier and regional distributer, which reduce cost of transportation (V, R, I) Tech No tortilla grill (W). Intangible resources Human (S) restaurateur program to train and reward managers to stay (V, I, R) Internal staff promotions and knowledge (V). Innovation (S) Simple approach to cards with lots of combinations (V, I, R), Menu & Taste (V, R, I, N), at large(p) kitchen design (V, I, R). Reputation (S) Brand name (V, I, R, N) organic, fresh and sustainable ingredients (V, I, R, N) LEED dependant restaurants (V, R).Capabilities relies on strictly chosen suppliers (I). HR wellspring motivated and sceptred (V, I). Marketing (S) effective promotion of brand name (offer free burritos to conterminous participation in charity fundraiser setting up event) (V, I, R, N) valuable viva-voce from Facebook (V, I). Management information system N/A. Management (W) simple structure with single office control whitethorn reduce the oversight. Manufacturing (S) food productions are reliable with high quality (V, R, I, N). R&D (N/A).Core competencies unique menu design, great taste with its sustainable ingredients and quick service visible for customers recognize Chipotle from others. Strictly chosen suppliers help Chipotle meeting its food in lawfulness goals. Competitor Analysis Chipotle has bunch of competitors, and Panera is the most powerful one. Both Panera and Chipotle strive to provide quality food with fast service, focus on construction their brand image and establish loyal customer birth to dumbfound repeat sales, and are unwilling to finance themselves by credit (no long-run debt).However, Panera heavily relies on franchise to expand its market, and develops catering business to pull ahead its sales in future, which parts Chipotle doesnt involve. In fast-casual food market, Panera is a very strong competitor. Business level strategy differentiation by offering sustainable ingredient and better taste as well as satisfied fast service. Alternatives 1. Globalization by franchise Chipotle besides has three unknown stores, which located only in Anglo-S axon countries.However, enlarging its foreign market is a long-term task, and is required more than financial support. In current status, Chipotle has faced supplier shortage problem. Therefore building local suppliers is becoming more critical issue and need great efforts, and whether this exercise can guarantee enough supplies, which meet Chipotles strict standards, is lock a bureau in doubt. A better way is to franchise in international markets because local managers will more familiar with the needs of local customers. other reason is that Chipotle is reluctant to finance by debt.Through franchising in foreign markets, Chipotle may gather positive cash flows to fund company owned restaurants in U. S. , and avoid large uncertain expense, cultural shock as well as political risks that may be incurred in foreign markets. 2. Exploiting its suppliers A possible way to penetrate more market share is to solicit and streamline its suppliers. The case shows that the company develo ped its suppliers by restrict quality, price and protocol standards. Some supplies shortages have been happened and some restaurants cannot operate smoothly without find out ingredients.Chipotle did a good job in its downstream business, which is to provide a qualified food and services however, it upstream still needs to be well exploited efficiently to meet the huge needs of customers. devil feasible ways may not only lower the food cost but also overcome the shortage. One is developing more qualified suppliers in foreign markets. Although, the requirement of suppliers is hard to meet, Chipotle could corporate with local governments to acquire standardized supplies (successful example is KFC in China). The tariff and freight may be offset by lower labor cost.The other way is to tap into more potential suppliers, with an enlarged supply chains, the company may enjoy a lower cost by economic scale effect. Recommendation Comparing with the above alternatives, we recommend Chipotle to adopt the second one. The relationship with suppliers is considered as one of its capabilities, and thus, adopting the second method may involve little risky. If the company implements it appropriately, an efficient and effect supply chain could also commence its core competency, reduce its cost of goods sold and achieve expected muster growth.

Tuesday, February 26, 2019

Recycling Letter

Mr. Smith thank you for presenting this cycle opportunity of business to the Owl Recycling Factory. The recycling and reusing of materials such as the ones that you encounter brought to our attention reduce pollution for our environment every day. thither is a slight problem, however, with the state in which your materials entrust be abandoned to us. Owl Recycling Company must first separate several(predicate) substances from one another(prenominal) before sending them by to be reused.Since the four materials in your dump truck are ground into a ok powder, the Owl Recycling Company get out need to carry out(p) a procedure other than what we norm bothy would use to separate them. As you know, the materials included aluminum soda cans, steel cans, milk jugs, and soda bottles. We fortuitously have many useful tools in our factory such as a conveyor belt belt, a large tank filled with irrigate, another tanks with sugar pee, powerful magnets, and nets to skim our tanks. I wou ld like to propose to you our conception to separate your recyclable powder mixture.Due to the materials being on your property, we need your OK on our programme before we can begin our recycling work. Our plan is as follows First of all, as the items are going down the conveyor belt, the magnets hanging above with attract all of the steel products. With those out of the way, we will be left with the aluminum, the milk jugs, and the soda bottles. The next step would be to put the remaining materials into the tank filled with sugar water. The sugar water has a niggardliness of 1. 5 g/cm3, the soda bottles have a tightness of 1. g/cm3, and the milk jugs have a density of . 95 g/cm3. This means that these items would vagabond and could be skimmed out by the nets. The remaining material, the aluminum cans (with a density of 2. 7 g/cm3), would be left behind at the bottom because they are more dense than the sugar water. The skimmed out materials would then be placed into the tank fi lled with regular water. The density of water is 1 g. cm3. The soda bottles would sink and the milk jugs would float and be able to be skimmed out by the nets.After these steps, all four materials would be successfully separated. The density of these products are a merry role in the separation of these materials. If a object or share is more dense than the liquid it is placed in the item will sink, while if the object is less dense the item will float. This is how the water and the sugar water can help separate the materials remaining subsequently the use of the magnets. We hope that you will accept our plan for separating your recyclable materials. Thank you for doing business with us to help preserve our environment.Read also Co Curricular Activities Letter

The Next Hunger Games English Literature Essay

The narrative a subsequence. Its intimately a miss, Katniss. She lived in partition 12 and got picked as testimony to contend in the unrivalled-year lust Games, organized by the Capitol, the topographical point that regulations over a pass on called Panem ( what used to be the fall in States ) . The 1 who survives the game, wins. Merely one individual could win, n eertheless at the rod they said two mountain from the resembling territory could win together. When Katniss and her swearing territorial dominion 12 testimonial Peeta think they ve won, they re told merely one of them can win. Because they refuse to kill each new(prenominal), they want to cause toxicant berries so they ll both decease. This is seen as opposition by the Capitol ( the Capitol regulations everything ) , and they are quickly stopped. So, together with Peeta, Katniss won the Hunger Games. Because of Katniss behaviour, people are easy good turn against the Capitol.The following Hunger Games, all the old victors had to be in the games one time more, even though they would really neer have to once more. At the terminal, the staying testimonials are saved by renegades and they are brought to District 13. Cipher knew District 13 still existed though.In the interim, Katniss has become the symbol of the revolution. She is the Mockingjay . She does hold a twosome of demands. So she wants death chair Coin, the president of District 13, to allow immunity to all former victors of the Hunger Games. She besides wants to be the 1 who kills hot seat Snow ( President of Panem ) . Peeta was non rescued by the Rebels so the Rebels decide to sequestrate action, and free Peeta from the Capitol. If successful, it is non the Peeta that Katniss can retrieve her. But when Peeta is saved, he attacks Katniss because he was persuade by the Capitol so he would believe that Katniss is the enemy.The Rebels, with Katniss as their leader, continue runing and they go to the Capitol. Their end is to kill President Snow. During this trip, a figure of Rebels are killed, including Finnick. finally Katniss goes looking for president Snow by herself.Then parachutes fall down, the same 1s that were used in the Hunger Games to supply things. The kids instantly try to involve them, but they are bad packages, because there are bombs inside. Many of the kids and the Rebel medical squad are killed because of this. Among these people was Primrose, Katniss sister. This has a great jounce on Katniss.Finally Katniss gets to President Snow and they talk briefly. He tells her that non he, but President Coin was responsible for the bombs. Katniss does nt cognize what to believe, but if this is true so Gale was cognizant of this program, even though he denies everything. When Katniss gets the opportunity to kill President Snow, she remembers that she had one time made a trade with him they would ever state each other the truth. So alternatively of killing him, she shoots an pointer at Pre sident Coin. Commotion arises and it seems President Snow is dead, but it is ill-defined how he died precisely. Katniss wants to perpetrate self-destruction, but right when she wants to take the pill, Peeta stops her. Katniss does nt acquire pursued and goes back to District 12 with some others and they want to reconstruct the territory. Katniss in the end sees that it was inevitable to fall in love with Peeta. She did non necessitate Gale. Together with Haymitch, Katniss and Peeta require a book with the narratives of the old testimonials and others during who died during the rebellion. This manner, they would neer be forgotten.The book ends with an epilogue. Katniss is an liberal and has two kids, she is married to Peeta. The Hunger Games are history, but Katniss does non look onward to the minute when she has to state her kids about the Games and the war.SubjectFerociousnessDescription of the chief characterKatniss Everdeen Katniss is a 17 class old miss. She is obstinate a nd independent. Her small sister Prim means a batch to her. She loves runing with her friend Gale. Because she did nt desire to be bossed around by the Capitol, she gave people hope. So she became the Mockingjay .Description of two minor charactersPeeta Mellark Peeta Mellark was a bakers boy. He ever had a crush on Katniss before they got picked to be testimonials. Peeta is really talented in picture. He is diffident, really sweet and would make anything for Katniss.Gale Hawthorne Gale is Katniss best friend and they ever hunt together. He cares a batch about his household. He is malcontent and lovingness. He is in love with Katniss.Description of the topographic point where the narrative is setDistrict 13. This is the District furthest off from the Capitol. It is under the land, so it looks as if there is nil. But, under the land are populating a batch of people.When does the narrative take topographic point?The narrative takes topographic point in the hereafter. I roll in the hay this because it is told in the first book of the series. The narrative is told inveterate.Who is the storyteller?The narrative is told from Katniss position.Explanation of the rubricWhen Katniss went into the Hunger Games in the first book, she got a pin with a mockingjay on it. That is the crew of a mocker and a jabberjay ( a bird designed by the Capitol to memorise conversations so the Capitol could descry on people. When the jabberjay s got misused by the people being spied on, the jabberjay s were released in the wild. Alternatively of deceasing, they bred with mockers ) . Katniss becomes the mockingjay as a statement.Is the book merely meant as a narrative or is the author seeking to convey across a message?I do nt believe there s truly a message shag the narrative. Possibly if you try really difficult to happen some flesh of intending behind the narrative you could believe of a message but I think that s a small far-fetched.My sentiment on the bookI like the book, b ecause I was really funny about how the narrative would stop.Would I compel the book to my schoolmates?Certain, I would urge the book to my schoolmates. But, they should hold read the other books because this is merely the concluding book. If they have read the other books, I would decidedly urge the book because it is easy to read and it s non really perplex ( unless you have nt read the other books evidently ) .Which constituent I wish bestI liked the stoping best, merely because I wanted to cognize how the narrative ended.Which portion disappointed me mostI guess what disappointed me most was besides the stoping, because even though I loved Peeta, I in secret wanted Katniss to take Gale. She made the right determination though, but it still someway disappointed me.How much clip I spent reading the bookI think it took me about a hebdomad to read the book, but I m non certain how many hours.

Monday, February 25, 2019

Qualitative research Essay

Abstract This paper is the first of a series of leash articles relating to a racing shell learning conducted at Fairfield University to mensurate expressions of the rapid introduction of In setion Technology at the institution. This article deals with the temperament of the paradox faced by Fairfield University, the characteristics of the skid methodology, and lays the foundation for the pick oution of this search proficiency for the stream theater. The paper begins with an Introduction section to familiarize the referee with the show show subject field organization.The discovering section on look Methodology explores the history, and n archeozoic of the applications of the proficiency. The section ends with unique(predicate) seek protocols for inquiryers. Introduction Fairfield University is a private wanton arts institution of astir(predicate) 3,000 full time undergraduate students and intimately 1,000 graduate school students. The undergraduate students ato mic number 18 distributed through the College of Arts and Sciences, the train of Business, and the develop of Nursing. The graduate students be in the Graduate School of instruction, the School of Business, and the School of Nursing. in that location are as well as wear time students in the School of Continuing Education and the BEI School of Engineering. As with m some(prenominal) divergent private institutions of higher education, Fairfield University faces many ch eitherenges. These ch completelyenges come from the declining population of college age students and the emergence cost of running the institution. The publications result support the preceding asseveration (Crossland, 1980), but provide little comfort to the institution. sensation of the areas of greatest fretting to college managers is the continuing cost of checker technology.With the constant contract to increase round salaries, it is like salaries, inadvisable to reduce the outlay on teaching technology. Interviews that were conducted by this searcher with the deans and managers indicated that more or less of the peer institutions of Fairfield University are in fact doing as much if non more in this area. Hence any break of serve in the effort to maintain technological systemal systemal currency would result in a competitive disadvantage for the institution. Therein lies the administrative financial ch anyenge.The write down on information technology moldinessiness be maintained at a time of declining r pull downues (Nicklin, 1992). The field of information technology at a university is very broad and could encompass many technologies hitherto not considered indoors its purview. However, in that location has been a relentless and indeed accelerating pace of convergence of the technologies in telecommunications, library services, and video services. The current learning is interrelateed only with the dioramas of information technology as it relates to academic computing and will focus on instructional and research computing.The goals of this hit the books take an interrogation of the (a) managerial and (b) scotch formulations of the rapid eruditeness of information technology. The goalives deriving from those goals are An assessment of the categories of entropy processor free fall in higher education. An evaluation of the managerial issues of computing, including the centralization/ decentralisation of computing, client/ waiter computing and the aspects of the Internet and the World Wide wind vane (WWW) Establish a basis for understanding the current and future economic aspects of information technology acquisition.The research questions arising from the above targets were as follows Objective 1 above is address by the question What patterns of acquisition emerge from the current computing surroundings and the perceived makes for computing? Objective 2 is addressed by the question What characteristics of the categories o f computing intent contribute to the patterns of acquisition? The five categories positive by King and Kraemer (1985) and adapted for theatrical role by levy (1988) in his training at the University of Arizona, are employ in this write up, to examine the computing use at Fairfield University.Objective 3 is addressed by the question What managerial issues arise from the rapid acquisition of information technology and how authoritative defend those technologies become to the organization? Objective 4 is addressed by the question How will the institution balance the take away for technological changes with the need to continue the accomplishment of routine trade union movements?. Samuel Levy (1988) conducted a get hold of of instructional and research computing at the University of Arizona. This study replicates and extends the Levy (1988) study, and was conducted at Fairfield University.The current study extends the Levy (1988) study in its examination of aspects of the I nternet, the World Wide Web, and Client/Server computing. Levy (1988) established the use of the matter study as appropriate for the research project, and this researcher also use the literature to actualise the use of example methodology in the study at Fairfield University. The history and development of deterrent example methodology is reviewed, in support of the current fiber study at Fairfield University. There put one across been periods of intense use followed by periods of disuse of this proficiency, as documented by Hamel, Dufour, and Fortin (1993) as well as early(a)wises.The relevance of that history to this study is grievous in that it establishes the know advantages and disadvantages of the methodology. The particular technique of a mavin- illustration study is reviewed, since that is the specific implementation of a fibre study at Fairfield University and was also utilize by Levy (1988). Case Study Methodology The history of solecism study research is mark ed by periods of intense use and periods of disuse. The earlier use of this form of research arouse be traced to Europe, predominantly to France.The methodology in the United States was about closely associated with The University of gelt Department of Sociology. From the early 1900s until 1935, The moolah School was preeminent in the field and the semen of a great deal of the literature. There was a wealth of bodily in Chicago, since it was a period of immigration to the United States and variant aspects of immigration of different national classs to the city were studied and notifyed on (Hamel et al. , 1993). Issues of poverty, unemployment, and new(prenominal) conditions deriving from immigration were saintly suited to the case study methodology.Zonabend (1992) stated that case study is d wiz by giving special help to completeness in thoughtfulness, reconstruction, and depth psychology of the cases under study. Case study is done in a way that incorporates the vie ws of the actors in the case under study. The field of sociology is associated close to strongly with case study research, and during the period aceing up to 1935, some(prenominal) capers were raised by researchers in former(a) handle. This coincided with a movement inside sociology, to make it more scientific. This meant providing some quantitative billhookments to the research jut out and summary.Since The Chicago School was most identified with this methodology, in that location were serious attacks on their primacy. This resulted in the denigration of case study as a methodology. In 1935, at that place was a public dispute between Columbia University professors, who were championing the scientific method, and The Chicago School and its supporters. The outcome was a victory for Columbia University and the consequent even out in the use of case study as a research methodology. Hamel (Hamel et al. , 1993) was careful to reject the critiques of case study as poorly found ed, do in the midst of methodological conflict.He asserted that the drawbacks of case study were not beingness attacked, rather the immaturity of sociology as a discipline was being displayed. As the use of quantitative methods advanced, the decline of the case study hastened. However, in the 1960s, researchers were becoming concerned about the limitations of quantitative methods. Hence there was a renewed interest in case study. Strauss and Glaser (1967) developed the conceit of grounded theory. This along with some well regarded studies accelerated the renewed use of the methodology.A grass criticism of case study methodology is that its dependence on a single case renders it incapable of providing a generalizing conclusion. Yin (1993) presented Giddens view that considered case methodology microscopic because it lacked a fit number of cases. Hamel (Hamel et al. , 1993) and Yin (1984, 1989a, 1989b, 1993, 1994) forcefully argued that the relation size of the sample whether 2, 10, or 100 cases are used, does not transmogrify a multiple case into a macroscopic study. The goal of the study should establish the parameters, and then should be applied to all research.In this way, even a single case could be considered acceptable, provided it met the established objective. The literature provides some insight into the acceptance of an experimental prototype to perceive the singularity of the object of study. This commands the transformation from the local to the global for explanation. Hamel (Hamel et al. , 1993) characterized such singularity as a concentration of the global in the local. Yin (1989a) stated that general applicability results from the cast of methodological qualities of the case, and the rigor with which the case is constructed.He detailed the procedures that would satisfy the infallible methodological rigor. Case study shadow be seen to satisfy the triplet tenets of the qualitative method describing, understanding, and explaining. Th e literature makes numerous examples of applications of the case study methodology. The early and most natural examples are to be found in the fields of Law and Medicine, where cases make up the large body of the student work. However, there are some areas that have used case study techniques extensively, specially in government and in evaluative situations.The government studies were carried out to conciliate whether particular programs were efficient or if the goals of a particular program were being met. The evaluative applications were carried out to assess the effectiveness of educational initiatives. In both types of investigations, merely quantitative techniques tended to obscure some of the important information that the researchers indispensable to uncover. The body of literature in case study research is uncivil and limited (Yin, 1994), in comparison to that of experimental or quasi-experimental research.The requirements and inflexibility of the last mentioned forms of research make case studies the only viable alternative in some instances. It is a fact that case studies do not need to have a minimum number of cases, or to randomly select cases. The researcher is called upon to work with the situation that presents itself in each case. Case studies burn be single or multiple-case designs, where a multiple design must follow a replication rather than sampling logic. When no former(a) cases are available for replication, the researcher is limited to single-case designs.Yin (1994) pointed out that generalization of results, from both single or multiple designs, is made to theory and not to populations. bigeminal cases strengthen the results by replicating the pattern-matching, thus increasing confidence in the rigour of the theory. Applications of case study methodology have been carried out in unsound Youth Programs (Yin, 1993) by several researchers. The effects of commwholey- found prevention programs have been widely investigated empl oy case methodology.Where the high risk youth studies assumed a single case evaluation, these studies have typically used a array of cases as a multiple-case study. This has been true in the various substance villainy prevention programs that are commwholey- found (Holder, 1987 Sabol, 1990 Yin, 1993). Numerous such studies sponsored by the U. S. General account statement Office are distributed in the literature between Evans (1976) and Gopelrud (1990). These studies have asleep(p) beyond the quantitative statistical results and explained the conditions through the positioning of the actors. Thus case study evaluations can cover both process and outcomes, because they can imply both quantitative and qualitative info. There are several examples of the use of case methodology in the literature. Yin (1993) listed several examples along with the appropriate research design in each case. There were suggestions for a general approach to designing case studies, and also recommendati ons for exploratory, explanatory, and descriptive case studies. Each of those three approaches can be either single or multiple-case studies, where multiple-case studies are replicatory, not sampled cases.There were also specific examples in education, and management information systems. Education has embraced the case method for instructional use. Some of the applications are reviewed in this paper. In exploratory case studies, fieldwork, and data collection may be undertaken previous to definition of the research questions and hypotheses. This type of study has been considered as a prelude to some social research. However, the framework of the study must be created frontwards of time. Pilot projects are very useful in determining the final examination protocols that will be used.Survey questions may be dropped or added based on the outcome of the pilot study. Selecting cases is a difficult process, but the literature provides guidance in this area (Yin, 1989a). Stake (1995) reco mmended that the selection offers the opportunity to maximize what can be learned, knowing that time is limited. Hence the cases that are selected should be easy and willing subjects. A good instrumental case does not have to defend its typicality. Explanatory cases are suitable for doing causal studies. In very complex and multivariate cases, the analysis can make use of pattern-matching techniques.Yin and Moore (1988) conducted a study to examine the reason why some research findings get into practical use. They used a funded research project as the unit of analysis, where the idea was constant but the project varied. The utilization outcomes were explained by three extend to theories a familiarity-driven theory, a problem-solving theory, and a social-interaction theory. Knowledge-driven theory meat that ideas and discoveries from basic research eventually become commercial products. Problem-solving theory follows the identical path, but originates not with a researcher, but with an external source identifying a problem.The social-interaction theory claims that researchers and users belong to overlapping professional networks and are in frequent communication. Descriptive cases require that the researcher begin with a descriptive theory, or face the possibility that problems will occur during the project. Pyecha (1988) used this methodology to study special education, using a pattern-matching procedure. Several states were studied and the data about each states activities were compared to some other, with idealized theoretic patterns. Thus what is implied in this type of study is the formation of hypotheses of cause-effect relationships.Hence the descriptive theory must cover the depth and scope of the case under study. The selection of cases and the unit of analysis is developed in the same manner as the other types of case studies. Case studies have been increasingly used in education. turn law and medical schools have been using the technique fo r an extended period, the technique is being applied in a variety of instructional situations. Schools of parentage have been most aggressive in the implementation of case based learning, or diligent learning (Boisjoly & DeMichiell, 1994).Harvard University has been a live oner in this area, and cases developed by the faculty have been published for use by other institutions. The School of Business at Fairfield University has revised the curriculum so that in place of the individual longitudinal courses in the areas of Management, Marketing, Operations, Finance, and Information Systems, students take one course. That course is intentional around cases that encompass those disciplines, but are presented in an integrated manner. The students are therefore made aware of the inter link upness of the various disciplines and begin to think in terms of wider problems and solutions.Later courses add the internationalist dimension to the overall picture. Case studies have been used to develop little thinking (Alvarez, et al. , 1990). There are also interactive language courses (Carney, 1995), courses designed to broaden the students horizons (Brearley, 1990), and even for technical courses (Greenwald, 1991), and philosophical ones (Garvin, 1991). This investigation is a case study of the aspects of Information Technology that are related to client/server computing, the Internet, and the World Wide Web, at Fairfield University.Thus this paper examines issues that will hyperbolize the readers knowledge of case study methodology as it relates to the design and execution of such a study. Yin (1994) recommended the use of case-study protocol as part of a carefully designed research project that would include the following sections Overview of the project (project objectives and case study issues) Field procedures (credentials and entry to sites) Questions (specific questions that the investigator must keep in reason during data collection) Guide for the report (ou tline, format for the narrative) (Yin, 1994, p.64)The quintessential characteristic of case studies is that they strive towards a holistic understanding of cultural systems of action (Feagin, Orum, & Sjoberg, 1990). Cultural systems of action refer to sets of interrelated activities engaged in by the actors in a social situation. The case studies must always have boundaries (Stake, 1995). Case study research is not sampling research, which is a fact asserted by all the study researchers in the field, including Yin, Stake, Feagin and others. However, selecting cases must be done so as to maximize what can be learned, in the period of time available for the study.The unit of analysis is a critical factor in the case study. It is typically a system of action rather than an individual or group of individuals. Case studies tend to be selective, focusing on one or two issues that are fundamental to understanding the system being examined. Case studies are multi-perspectival analyses. Th is means that the researcher considers not just the voice and vista of the actors, but also of the relevant groups of actors and the interaction between them. This one aspect is a salient point in the characteristic that case studies possess. They get hold of a voice to the powerless and voiceless.When sociological studies present many studies of the dispossessed and powerless, they do so from the viewpoint of the elite (Feagin, Orum, & Sjoberg, 1991). Case study is known as a triangulated research strategy. Snow and Anderson (cited in Feagin, Orum, & Sjoberg, 1991) asserted that triangulation can occur with data, investigators, theories, and even methodologies. Stake (1995) stated that the protocols that are used to ensure accuracy and alternative explanations are called triangulation. The need for triangulation arises from the ethical need to confirm the validity of the processes.In case studies, this could be done by using multiple sources of data (Yin, 1984). The problem in c ase studies is to establish meaning rather than location. Designing Case Studies Yin (1994) identified five components of research design that are important for case studies A studys questions Its propositions, if any Its unit(s) of analysis The logic linking the data to the propositions The criteria for interpret the findings (Yin, 1994, p. 20). The studys questions are most likely to be how and why questions, and their definition is the first task of the researcher.The studys propositions sometimes derive from the how and why questions, and are laborsaving in focusing the studys goals. Not all studies need to have propositions. An exploratory study, rather than having propositions, would have a stated purpose or criteria on which the success will be judged. The unit of analysis defines what the case is. This could be groups, organizations or countries, but it is the primary unit of analysis. Linking the data to propositions and the criteria for interpreting the findings are the to the lowest degree developed aspects in case studies (Yin, 1994).Campbell (1975) set forth pattern-matching as a useful technique for linking data to the propositions. Campbell (1975) asserted that pattern-matching is a situation where several pieces of information from the same case may be related to some supposititious proposition. His study showed, through pattern-matching, that the observed drop in the level of traffic fatalities in Connecticut was not related to the visiting of the speed limit. His study also illustrated some of the difficulties in establishing the criteria for interpreting the findings.Construct validity is especially problematic in case study research. It has been a source of criticism because of potential investigator subjectivity. Yin (1994) getd three remedies to neutralize this using multiple sources of attest, establishing a chain of picture, and having a draft case study report reviewed by key informants. Internal validity is a concern only i n causal (explanatory) cases. This is usually a problem of inferences in case studies, and can be dealt with using pattern-matching, which has been described above. impertinent validity deals with knowing whether the results are generalizable beyond the immediate case. Some of the criticism against case studies in this area relate to single-case studies. However, that criticism is directed at the statistical and not the analytical generalization that is the basis of case studies. dependability is achieved in many ways in a case study. One of the most important methods is the development of the case study protocol. Case studies can be either single or multiple-case designs. Single cases are used to confirm or challenge a theory, or to represent a unique or extreme case (Yin, 1994).Single-case studies are also ideal for revelatory cases where an observer may have access to a phenomenon that was antecedently inaccessible. Single-case designs require careful investigation to avoid misr epresentation and to maximize the investigators access to the evidence. These studies can be holistic or embedded, the latter(prenominal) occurring when the same case study involves more than one unit of analysis. Multiple-case studies follow a replication logic. This is not to be confused with sampling logic where a selection is made out of a population, for inclusion in the study.This type of sample selection is improper in a case study. Each individual case study consists of a whole study, in which facts are gathered from various sources and conclusions drawn on those facts. Yin (1994) asserted that a case study investigator must be able to perish as a senior investigator during the course of data collection. There should be a period of training which begins with the examination of the definition of the problem and the development of the case study design. If there is only a single investigator, this dexterity not be necessary.The training would cover aspects that the investiga tor involve to know, such as the reason for the study, the type of evidence being sought, and what variations might be expected. This could take the form of discussion rather than stiff lectures. A case study protocol contains more than the survey instrument, it should also contain procedures and general rules that should be followed in using the instrument. It is to be created prior to the data collection phase. It is essential in a multiple-case study, and desirable in a single-case study.Yin (1994) presented the protocol as a major component in insist the reliability of the case study research. A typical protocol should have the following sections An overview of the case study project (objectives, issues, topics being investigated) Field procedures (credentials and access to sites, sources of information) Case study questions (specific questions that the investigator must keep in mind during data collection) A guide for case study report (outline, format for the narrative) (Y in, 1994, p. 64). The overview should communicate to the reader the general topic of inquiry and the purpose of the case study.The field procedures mostly involve data collection issues and must be properly designed. The investigator does not control the data collection environment (Yin, 1994) as in other research strategies hence the procedures become all the more important. During interviews, which by nature are open ended, the subjects schedule must dictate the activity (Stake, 1995). Gaining access to the subject organization, having sufficient resources while in the field, clearly scheduling data collection activities, and providing for out of the blue(predicate) events, must all be planned for.Case study questions are posed to the investigator, and must serve to remind that person of the data to be collected and its possible sources. The guide for the case study report is frequently neglected, but case studies do not have the uniform outline, as do other research reports. It is essential to plan this report as the case develops, to avoid problems at the end. Stake (1995), and Yin (1994) identified at least six sources of evidence in case studies. The following is not an legitimate list, but reflects the research of both Yin (1994) and Stake (1995)Documents archival records Interviews Direct thoughtfulness Participant-observation Physical artifacts Documents could be letters, memoranda, agendas, administrative documents, newspaper articles, or any document that is germane to the investigation. In the interest of triangulation of evidence, the documents serve to corroborate the evidence from other sources. Documents are also useful for making inferences about events. Documents can lead to false leads, in the hands of in go through researchers, which has been a criticism of case study research.Documents are communications between parties in the study, the researcher being a vicarious observer keeping this in mind will help the investigator avoid being m isled by such documents. Archival documents can be service records, organizational records, lists of names, survey data, and other such records. The investigator has to be careful in evaluating the accuracy of the records before using them. Even if the records are quantitative, they might still not be accurate. Interviews are one of the most important sources of case study information.There are several forms of interviews that are possible Open-ended, Focused, and Structured or survey. In an unrestricted interview, key respondents are asked to comment about certain events. They may propose solutions or provide insight into events. They may also corroborate evidence obtained from other sources. The researcher must avoid becoming dependent on a single informant, and seek the same data from other sources to range its authenticity. The focused interview is used in a situation where the respondent is interviewed for a short period of time, usually answering set questions.This techniqu e is often used to confirm data collected from another source. The merged interview is similar to a survey, and is used to gather data in cases such as neighborhood studies. The questions are detailed and developed in advance, much as they are in a survey. Direct observation occurs when a field visit is conducted during the case study. It could be as easy as casual data collection activities, or formal protocols to measure and record behaviors. This technique is useful for providing additional information about the topic being studied.The reliability is enhanced when more than one observer is convoluted in the task. Glesne and Peshkin (1992) recommended that researchers should be as unobtrusive as the wallpaper. Participant-observation makes the researcher into an active participant in the events being studied. This often occurs in studies of neighborhoods or groups. The technique provides some unusual opportunities for collecting data, but could face some major problems as well. The researcher could well alter the course of events as part of the group, which may not be helpful to the study.Physical artifacts can be tools, instruments, or some other physical evidence that may be collected during the study as part of a field visit. The perspective of the researcher can be broadened as a result of the discovery. It is important to keep in mind that not all sources are relevant for all case studies (Yin, 1994). The investigator should be capable of dealing with all of them, should it be necessary, but each case will present different opportunities for data collection. There are some conditions that arise when a case researcher must start data collection before the study questions have been define and finalized (Yin, 1994).This is likely to be successful only with an experienced investigator. Another important point to review is the benefit of using rival hypotheses and theories as a means of adding quality control to the case study. This improves the scholar ship of the fairness and serious thinking of the researcher. Analyzing Case Study Evidence This aspect of the case study methodology is the least developed and hence the most difficult. As a result, some researchers have suggested that if the study were made causative to statistical analysis, the process would be easier and more acceptable.This quantitative approach would be appealing to some of the critics of the case study methodology. However not all case studies lend themselves to this type of analysis. Miles and Huberman (1984) suggested analytic techniques such as rearranging the arrays, placing the evidence in a matrix of categories, creating flowcharts or data displays, tabulating the frequency of different events, using means, variances and cross tabulations to examine the relationships between variables, and other such techniques to hasten analysis. There must first be an analytic strategy, that will lead to conclusions.Yin (1994) presented two strategies for general use One is to rely on theoretical propositions of the study, and then to analyze the evidence based on those propositions. The other technique is to develop a case description, which would be a framework for organizing the case study. Lynd conducted a widely cited Middletown study in 1929, and used a formal chapter construct to guide the development of the analysis. In other situations, the original objective of the case study may help to identify some causal links that could be analyzed. Pattern-matching is another major mode of analysis.This type of logic compares an empirical pattern with a predicted one. Internal validity is enhanced when the patterns coincide. If the case study is an explanatory one, the patterns may be related to the dependent or independent variables. If it is a descriptive study, the predicted pattern must be defined prior to data collection. Yin (1994) recommended using rival explanations as pattern-matching when there are independent variables involved. This requires the development of rival theoretical propositions, but the overall concern remains the degree to which a pattern matches the predicted one.Yin (1994) encouraged researchers to make every effort to produce an analysis of the highest quality. In order to accomplish this, he presented four principles that should attract the researchers attention Show that the analysis relied on all the relevant evidence Include all major rival interpretations in the analysis Address the most significant aspect of the case study Use the researchers prior, expert knowledge to further the analysis Stake (1995) recommended categorical aggregation as another means of analysis and also suggested developing protocols for this phase of the case study to enhance the quality of the research.He also presented ideas on pattern-matching along the lines that Yin (1994) presented. Runkel (1990) used aggregated measures to obtain relative frequencies in a multiple-case study. Stake (1995) promote coding the data and identifying the issues more clearly at the analysis stage. Eisner and Peshkin (1990) displace a high priority on direct interpretation of events, and lower on interpretation of measurement data, which is another viable alternative to be considered.