Temperature Effect on Embryonic Development in Fish Eggs

Temperature tack together on Embryonic Development in Fish EggsAbstractThe uppercasetive raising of Koi jockey (Cyprinus screwio cavilio) was successfully carried out at the Directo invest of Cold piddle Fisheries Re search, Bhimtal, India. Induced breeding trials conducted on the slant revealed that the lean can be natur aloney spawned Low temperature using sGnRH one-dimensional and dopamine antagonist (Ovaprim). Spawning was observed eighteen hrs aft(prenominal)(prenominal) the injection at low-down temperature (16 2oC). The fertilized pelts were mucilaginous and filmy with diameter ranging between 0.8mm to 1.10 mm. The brooding period was one hundred twenty hours and 84 hours at temperature 15-18o C (April) and 20-26oC (August) respectively The poutlings were transpargonnt and measured 3.45-4.75 mm, with a large oval head, a hearty specify yolk sac and short tail. The yolk got fully oblivious inwardly 2-3 days and by this time mouth formation was screw and the larvae started exogenic feeding. Present study, may be useful in standardizing the ex-situ breeding protocols for Koi jockey under lower temperature.IntroductionOrnamental weight is often employ as a generic terminal figure to describe aquatic animals unbroken in the aquarium hobby (Livengood et al 2009). Ornamental fishes form an consequential commercial component of aquaculture providing for aesthetic requirements and upkeep of the environment (Swain et al 2008). regular army is the largest importer of cosmetic fishes followed by Europe and Japan. The emerging markets are China and in the south Africa. Over US $ 500 million worth of ornamental fish are imported into the USA each year (Anonymous. 2006). Indias share in ornamental fish trade is estimated to be less than1 % of the global trade. The major part of the export trade is based on wild collection. The boilers suit domestic trade in this field cross Rs 1000 hundred thousand and is accountly bending at the rat e of 20 per cent annum (NABARD). public carp (Cyprinus carpio) is one of the most important cultured fish in the world. More than 2.7 million tonnes of common carp were produced in 2000 (FAO, 2002). Koi carp is ornamental variety of domesticated common carp (Cyprinus carpio) that are kept for decorative purpose in outdoor ponds or water gardens. They belong to the family family Cyprinidae and the order Cypriniformes. It is one of the most popular and favorite ornamental fishes amongst all ornamental fish species and it has high market value for its excellent food color. The color and scale pattern of the species is passing variable. It may look like outstanding gold fish, distinguishing for its barbels at the sides of the mouth and for its coat (Ghosh et al 2012). They are beautiful and are in truth peaceful towards occupants and hence well suited to aquarium. thither is various colour variations in koi carp like white, black, red, yellow, blue and cream. akin all cyprinides, koi carp is also a nut case layer. They produce adhesive nut. This species exhibits gonochorism, external salad dressing with varied spawning frequencies (Balon 1990) and considered as batch spawner (Kalilota et al 1993). They grow up to 100 cm length with an elongate body mensu ration 3 to 4 times less in height than length. In their natural habitat, koi carp live up to 15-24 years (Kuroki, 1981).Considering the importance of koi carp, culture on the early life history of a fish is very important for optimization of its large scale seed production, culture and anxiety practices, therefore, this study was carried out to highlight whatever aspects of the early life history, the nurture biological clock of koi carp in relation back to low temperature. actual and MethodsThe fishes were purchased from Lucknow Local market during 2012. In the same day, the fishes were transported to the Fish farm, Directorate of coldwater Fisheries question (DCFR), Bhimtal. At the farm after (prenominal) disinfection, all fishes were reared in a cemented pond. The fishes were federal official with floating pellets containing crude protein 28%, crude fiber 11.1%, and carbohydrate 33% (Table 1). After proper acclimatization and maintenance, the healthy and mature breeders (90-550g) were selected according to familiar dimorphism and transferred to hatchery shed in FRP tank of size of it 200cm X 200cm X 30cm with stream through arrangement of water system. The womanlys are usually easier to identify, as abdominal cavity of a mature female is generally larger, whereas males stay streamlined and more torpedo shaped (Mihalache et al 2011). The sex ratio of the spawners was kept at 21 for male and female. The breeding class was carried out using salmon Gonadotropin releasing hormone analog and domperidone injection (ovaprim, Syndel laboratories INDIA Pvt.ltd). Brooders were administered hormone 0.6 ml per kg body weight to female and 0.3 ml per kg body weight to male i ntra peritoneal in the evening hours. The breeders set were released into FRP tank of 3000 L capacity having provision for mix through water system after the hormonal administration. Aquatic macrophyte (Hydrilla) was introduced into breeding tank for hiding purpose as well as memory adhesive ball (Haniffa et al 2006). Translucent netting at the apex also countenanced in order to observe to observe spawning behavior of fish. The orb crosshatch and larval rearing upto yolk sac absorption was taken up in the same tank that was used for spawning. The binding rate was counted by collecting random light microscope with digital camera (Nikon overshadow E100). Samples of the clod before fertilization and nurtureal time was rounded to adjacent proceeding until morula map and then to hours. In bear witness study, the ontogenesisal stagecoachs were divided up into conceptusnic and larval maturation upto yolk sac absorption. The immature stage occur inside the egg shell an d ends at the crosshatch. While, larval mannequin occur as egg hatches and ends when the larvae construct capable of exogenous feeding. The water quality of hatchery was measured for temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total fade away solids and dissolved oxygen by HANNA HI 9828.ResultsThere are few reports on breeding of koi carp in low temperature (Watson et al 2004 Ghosh et al 2012). present study spawning was noticed after 18 hours of hormone injection. The fertilized pelt of koi carp were foun to have adhesive, demersal and sticky to substratum (i.e. hydrilla). They were 0.8-1.10 mm in diameter, rounded and receivable to the adhesive nature of the egg, considerable debris adhered to the capsule of the egg. As the egg envelope is thick, transparent and sticky, observations on the developmental stages are difficult (Kovac, 2000). The eggs were deposited singly and were adhesive throughout the incubation period. The incubation period of eggs depends largely on wate r quality parameters such as saltiness and temperature (Kuo et al 1973 Lio et al 1975). In the present study, the water temperature was 15-18oC during April and 20-26oC during August, under these conditions, eggs be born out in 120 and 84 hours after fertilization respectively.Although a true metamorphosis is not generally described for fishes, the term hatchling, larvae and post larvae are used to indicate opposite stages of development from hatchling to fingerling stage (Boglinoe et al 1992). In present study, the embryonic development was divided into zygote, cleavage, blastula, gastrula and hatching period (Table 2, 3 Fig 1). The cleavage was meroblastic and the first division (2 celled stage) occurred 1 hours after fertillization, followed by second cleavage 1hour 35 minutes after fertilization. The 16 celled stage was reached 2 hours 20 minutes after fertilization. concomitant cleavage increased cell number and reached morula stage. At this stage, a cap like organize was seen over the animal pole, which gradually increases in size the blastoderm further spread over the yolk and the formation of originative ring around yolk was clearly visible within 15hours after fertillization. The yolk invasion completed after 32 hours and 13 minutes after fertilization. The head and tail ends of the embryo became distinguishable during yolk peg away stage. Yolk invasion was over and the blastopore was almost closed. The notochord was clearly seen at 46 hours and 16 minutes after fertilization. Further, embryo was elongated and encircled the entire yolk material within 48 hours after fertillization. At this stage, the front tooth posterior axis was distinguishable in broader cephalic region with explicit forebrain and narrow end as tail region. At 76 hours after fertillization cephalic region became prominent, optic lens starts differentiating and mesodermal somites (16-18) were highly visible. A heart beat (80-91) per minutes were noticed at this stage. The caudal region started detaching from yolk and head further elongated in size showing all parts of brain, heart, lens and 22-25 somites after one hundred one hours after fertillization. The beating of heart intensified 130-140 beats per minutes and tail showed lilting execution on both side one by one. At 109 hours after fertillization lens fully formed and pectoral fin develop was clearly visible. In final stage of embryonic development, the growing embryo occupied the entire previtelline space. The lashing movements, which gradually become vigorous and egg capsules, were weakened and ruptured. The embryo ruptured the egg shell by the continuous movement and hatched out at 120 hours after fertillization at 16 2o C. The hatchlings were transparent and measured 3.45-4.75 mm, with a large oval head, a well defined yolk sac and short tail. The yolk got fully absorbed within 2-3 days and by this time mouth formation was complete and the larvae started exogenous feedingDiscussionTe mperature is one of the most decisive environmental variables affecting embryonic development in fish eggs (Bermudes and Ritar, 1999 Kamler, 2002 Yang and subgenus Chen 2005).Within a viable range, incubation temperature strongly affects the rate of embryonic development of fish. Generally, lower temperature retards the rate of embryonic development and higher temperature accelerates it (Marangos et al., 1986 Pepin, 1991 Mihelakakis and Kitajima, 1994 Hart and Purser, 1995 coney et al 2006). The results of present showed that water temperature has a strong effect on development rate and hatching success of koi carp. In present study, the fertilized eggs of koi carp were found yellowish, adhesive and demersal. Haniffa et al (2007) and Ghosh et al (2012) found correspondent results in koi carp and common carp. Two celled, quaternity celled, eight celled and sixteen celled stage were found 60, 95,120 and 150 minutes after fertilization respectively. connatural findings were reporte d by Ghosh et al 2012 in koi carp. They found two celled, four celled, eight celled and sixteen celled stage with in 80, 110, 140 and 170 minutes after fertilization at 17 20o C respectively. However, Haniffa et al (2007) reported that same series occurred at 60, 90, 110 and 140 minutes after fertilization at 26 28oC. In common carp, it took 30, 80, 100 and 120 minutes after fertilization at 260C for same series (Balon 1995). The entry of gastrula stage was noticed at fifteen hours after fertilization of egg at 16 20C. identical results was reported by Ghosh et al (2012) in koi carp. However, Haniffa et al. (2006) the same stage in koi carp at 7.30 to 11.40 minute after fertilization at 26-28 in summer season. Balon (1995) observed initiation of gastrulation of C. carpio occurring 6 hrs and 30 mins after fertilization of the eggs at 26-28 C. This variation might be due to low water temperature and species difference.Changes in the pattern of the entire structure of an organ in r elation to the environment are decisive for evaluating the developmental patterns of species (Balon, 1999 Mahmud et al 2012). The early development of fish is strongly affected by incubation temperature (Mahmud et al 2012). Generally, lower temperature retards the rate of embryonic development of fish and higher temperature accelerates it (Saka et al., 2001). In present study period the ambient temperature was low and fluctuating which may delay the embryonic and larval development of koi carp. A comparative study on the study of embryonic development of koi carp at different temperature is listed below (Table 3). In present study, embryo hatched out in 144 hrs after fertilization at 16 2o C which was similar to the findings Watson et al (2004). They reported the time required to hatch the embryo of koi carp in 5-7 days at 20-24 o C. Similar results were obtained by Ghost et al (2012). However, the results of present study vary from Haniffa et al 2007, who found 72-73 hours are nee ded for hatching of Koi carp. This can be attributed to different physical condition of brood fish and lower temperature of water at the time of breeding.In conclusion, Koi carp can be easily develop and bred successfully under low water temperature captive conditions similar to carp. The descriptive investigation into the embryonic development and temperature tolerance should provide valuable reading about the ability of the species to handle low temperature condition. As there are no commercial approaches of induced breeding and seed production of koi carp in the colder regions of the country but there is high demand of this ornamental fish for its colorful and attractive appearance. Hence, In spite of the long incubation period, the captive breeding, embryonic development protocol described herein should provide a base for future studies on koi carp and help in achieving conservation and commercial goals.ReferencesLivengood EJ, Chapman FA. 2009 The ornamental fish trade An intr oduction with stance for responsible aquarium cooperative extension service, institute of food and untaught science, university of Florida, Gainesville.Swain SK, Singh SK, Routray P, Barik NK. 2008 Indigenous ornamental fishes Status, Issues and strategies for propagation and conservation. e- planet 6(2) 2, 20- 22.Anonymous. 2006. Carp procreation and Seed Production. Hand Book of Fisheries and Aquaculture. Pp 248-264. Indian Council of Agricultural Research. New Delhi. nutrition and Agricultural Organization (FAO) (2000) World status of ornamental fish, 3 5-225.Ghosh A K, Biswas S, Sarder LSabbir W, Rahaman S M B 2012 Induced breeding, embryonic and larval development of Koi carp (Cyprinus carpio) in Khulna, Bangladesh. Mesopot. J. Mar. Sci., 27 (1) 1 14Balon, E.K. 1990. Epigenesis of an epigeneticist the development of well-nigh alternative concepts on the early ontogeny and evolution of fishes. Guelph Ichthyology Reviews, 11-48.Kailola, P.J., Williams, M.J., Stewart, P.C., Re ichelt, R.E., McNee, A. and Grieve, C. 1993. Australian fisheries resources. Bureau of Resource Sciences, Canberra, Australia, 422p.Kuroki, T. 1981. The latest manual to nishikigoi.Shin-Nippon Kyoiku-Tosho Co. Ltd. Japan, 272pp.Mihalache A, Oprea L, Grecu I, Cristea V, Badalan C, Enache I, Ion S 2011 Artificial comeback and Embryonic Development of the Japanese Ornamental Carp (Cyprinus carpio L i n n a e u s, 1758). ledger of environmental Protection and Ecology 12(4) 18351839Haniffa MA, Benziger PSA, Arockiaraj AJ, Nagarajan M, Siby P. 2006. Breeding conduct and Embryonic Development of Koi Carp (Cyprinus carpio), Journal of Bio-Science 14, 121-125.Watson, C.A., Hill, J.E. and Pouder, D.B. 2004. Species Profile Koi and Goldfish SRAC Publication No. 7201.Kovac, V. 2000. Early development of Zingel streber. J.Fish. Biol. 57 1381-1403.Kuo, C.M., Shehadeh, Z.H. and Milison, K.K. 1973. A preliminary report on the development, growth and excerpt of laboratory reared larvae of the gre y mullet, Mugil cephalus (L.). Journal of Fish Biology, 5 459-470.Liao, I.C. 1975. Experiments on the induced breeding of the grey mullet in Taiwan from 1963-1973. Aquaculture, 6 31-58.Boglinoe, C., B. Bertolini., M. Russiello, S. Cataudella. 1992. Embryonic and larval development of the thick-lipped mullet (Chelon labrosus) under controlled reproduction conditions. Aquaculture 101 349-359.Bermudes, M., Ritar, A.J., 1999. effectuate of temperature on the embryonic development of the striped trumpeter (Latris lineate Bloch and Schneider, 1801). Aquaculture 176, 245 255.Kamler, E., 2002. increment of yolk-feeding fish an ecological perspective. Rev. Fish Biol. Fish. 12, 79103.Yang Z, Chen Y 2005 Effect of temperature on incubation period and hatching success of obscure blowfish Takifugu obscurus (Abe) eggs. Aquaculture 246 173 179Marangos, C., Yagi, H., Ceccaldi, H.J., 1986. The role of temperature and salinity on hatching rate and morphogenesis during embryo development in Dicent rarchus labrax (Linnaeus, 1758) (Pisces, Teleostei, Serranidae). Aquaculture 54, 287 300.Pepin, P., 1991. Effect of temperature and size on development, mortality, and survival rates of the pelagic early life stages of marine fish. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48, 503518.Mihelakakis, A., Kitajima, C., 1994. Effects of salinity and temperature on incubation period, hatching rate and morphogenesis of the silver sea bream, Sparus sarba (Forssk3l, 1775). Aquaculture 126, 361 371Hart, P.R., Purser, G.J., 1995. Effects of salinity and temperature on eggs and yolk sac larvae of the poster flounder (Rhombosolea tapirina Gunther, 1982). Aquaculture 136, 221 230.Das T, Pal A K, Chakraborty S K, Manush S M, Dalvi R S, Sarma K, Mukherjee S G 2006 Thermal dependence of embryonic development and hatching rate in Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822). Aquaculture 255 536541Haniffa M A, Allen Benziger P S, Jesu Arockiaraj A, Nagarajan M, Siby P 2007 Breeding Behaviour and Embryonic D evelopment of Koi Carp (Cyprinus carpio). Taiwania 52(1) 93-99Balon, E.K. 1995. The common carp, Cyprinus carpio its wild origin, vapidness in aquaculture, and selection as colored nishikigoi, 47pp.Balon EK. 1999. Alternative ways how to become a definitive phenotype or a juvenile (and on some persisting linguistic offences). Environment and Biology of Fish 56, 17- 38Mahmud Z, Ahmed F, Ghosh1 A K, Azad A K , Bir Y,Rahaman S M B 2012 Induced breeding, embryonic and larval development of comet gold fish (Carassius auratus) in Khulna, Banglades. International Journal of Biosciences 2 28-38Saka S, Forat K, Kamaco HO. 2001. The development of European sea bas (Dicentrarchus labrax L., 1758) eggs in relation to temperature. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Science 25, 139-147.Helen I, Battle H I (1939) The embryology and larval development of the goldfish (Carassius auratus) from Lake Erie. Department of Zoology, University of Western Ontario.

Socially Responsible Investing And Morally Responsible Investing Management Essay

Socially obligated commit And Morally Responsible Investing Management EssayIntroductionThe last decades a cry struggle is everywheretaking on ab pop out the responsibility of business. The most cognize debate is the bingle that started with the book of Milton Friedman (1962) Capitalism and Freedom. Then at 1970 Friedman make an article at the New York Times Magazine, repeating his views on in merged responsibilities and he supported them further. After that earthation many responses where published from many scholars (ex. Mulligan 1986, Shaw 1988, Nunan 1988) each one arguing for or against Friedmans views. One of the well-promoted debates is the one between Friedman and Freeman who is a major supporter of the stakeholder theory. This last debate ended with the death of Friedman and the analyse of Freeman (2008) that he is ending the debate.The briny argument between the scholars is digested in the following phrase of Friedman (1962, 1970) thither is one and all one human bodyly responsibility of business-to use it resources and bind in tourivities designed to increase its profits so long as it stays within the rules of the game, which is to say, engages in open and free competition without pretence or fraud.. In this essay I will try to focus on these rules of the game in immediately days, the demands of the global grocery store and just about arguments that con plastered a change in the rules or at least(prenominal) a movement toward a fundamental change.The New Rules of the GameIn short time after Friedmans publications, Davis (1973) presented a very prophetically article. He tried to illustrate argument for and against neighborly responsibility, presenting very accurate the issues that lead to the CSR development and spreading. Among others he spotted the benefits of CSR towards the public image of a friendship, the long run self-interest, the implications from organisation regulation, social norms and the increasing stockholder interest toward responsible behavior. make suggests that Friedman was right, since the rules of the game atomic number 18 now changed, and involve nothing to do with the rules in 1970 that extended only to the basic free market principles. He argues that now the societys expectations of business atomic number 18 including excessively environmental concern, consumer safety, honorable governance and other. A modern company has to deal with multiple stakeholders that ar increasing because of the cost increase interest and also because of the globalization of the markets. NGOs, dish out unions, consumers organizations, all be exhausting to influence with the companys activities and support their interests. So now CSR has to go beyond corporate philanthropy and charity clobber. Row (2006) argues that now in that location is greater ken that CSR encompasses not only what companies do with their profits, but also how they make them. For dampen understanding of the changes of the rules I will present some of those that had change and what is required, from a company, to deal with now.Public ImageVivien and Thompson (2005) in their essay commented the study of FTSE degree centigrade that found that, in UK, around 60 percent of the steadfasts market harbor was not reflected in the balance sheet. That means that the value of a firm is coming also from other non-financial assets. Deephouse (2000) proposed that character is the most competitive benefit that companies can switch. With the development of the media and the technology, it is crucial for a company to befool a considerably public image. It is now very clear to spread out a problem that occurred in a company, something that in the past was to a greater extent difficult due lack of means. Now with the internet almost anybody in the world can express an opinion and be read (or heard) by anyone in the world. So a minor problem can well take global dimension and publicity. in any case with t he rising number of multinationals millions of heap are becoming stakeholders and are interested in the activities of these companies. Fombrun (1996) stated that reputation is based on stories various stakeholders tell about the organization. Now with millions of stakeholders, in that location are millions of stories to be told and the technology provides the means to do it. Fombrun (1998) also lists vi criteria that effect reputation of a company in the public plaza financial performance, product quality, employee treatment, community involvement, environmental performance and organizational issues. It is easy to see that many of these criteria are connected with CSR strategies. So CSR can back up a company to create or preserve a good public image, something that in the past was not essential for the business. Rowe (2006) argues that the growing be of NGOs, campaigning groups and activist organizations can strongly match the image of a company. or so years before the numbe rs of these stakeholders and their power were far smaller. Friedman, drive by the political status of cold war, was facing any amateur on the organization as a socialist or communist approach. Now, in a globalized market, these stakeholders set about an important role and influent consumers, shareholders and more than than or less even nations. People in different countries have different values but the structure of homosexual value system is universal (Schwartz, 1994, 1999). That is why a bad image can affect the stakeholders around the world, even if they have different values. But we should not obturate that reputation also affects shareholders behavior. When having substance, favorable reputation attracts stakeholders as well as shareholders and investors for usually creating refection of investments security and trustworthy treading partner (Dowling, 2004 Gregory, 1991).Government RegulationSome years ago the balance of power shifted away from government in favor of cor porations. Under globalization, deregulation, privatization and technological innovation accelerated that phenomenon (Rowe, 2006). But now, in the post-Enron world and in the middle of a global economic crisis, voices peak and asking for more regulation. Green theatre (2006) argues that the law governing corporations need to be more protective of corporations. Lydenberg and Sinclair (2009) argue that in that location may be battles between corporations, government and NGOs over the appropriate circumstances for regulation and the degree of that regulation, but the maroon rules will have changed only when corporations are seen fighting for, not against, much(prenominal) oversight. CSR, for now, is a voluntary initiative that corporations are taking beyond their levelheaded requirements. Reporting CSR initiatives was part of the communication strategy of each company. Now governments and regulators progressively expect, and are beginning to require, CSR make-uping (Lydenberg an d Sinclair, 2009). Governments, especially in Europe, ask from public traded companies to include social and environmental indicators in their reports to shareholders (Lydenberg and Sinclair, 2009). National pension gold are required to adopt social and environmental guidelines for their investments. Also aerodynamic lift economies and markets, such as China, are requiring from the state-owned companies to report their CSR initiatives ( ethical Performance, 2008). We see that, starting from reporting, CSR starts to be regulated. For now reporting of public companies and public interests investments are required to report and consider social and environmental issues. For sure that will expand to the closed-door sector, maybe through contracting from public companies.Socially Responsible Investing (SRI) and Morally Responsible Investing (MRI)Calvert Investments states that SRI monetary resource aim to integrate personal, social and environmental concerns with financial considerati ons, their objective is to increase investors wealth while ensuring that the selected companies have a positive impact on people and the Planet.. SRI funds are also known as Green pecuniary resource or Ethical bills (Ghoul and Karam, 2007). Lydenberg and Sinclair (2009) argue that systematic corporate disclosure on social and environmental issues is increasingly demanded by responsible investors and consumers. SRI Funds are going a step further. SRI Funds demand their investments to be in an ethical way and in ethical sectors of economy. Usually SRI Mutual Funds are not involved with alcohol, gambling, tobacco and weapons production or distribution. Beyond that they lock to have good performance is areas of welfare, board diversity, community relations, corporate governance, environment, human rights, indigenous peoples right, product safety and impact, and workplace practices (Lydenberg and Sinclair, 2009). Baue and Cook (2008) note there has been a changing behavior of mutual fund voting on climate change issues. Also public pension and investment funds have moved significantly on their transparency with respect to placeholder voting (Global proxy Watch, 2008). Moreover in 2006 the United Nations Global squash and the UN Environment Programme Finance Initiative lunched, at the New York transport Exchange, the Principles for Responsible Investment, an initiative that aim to connect pension funds and coin managers from around the world to commit to principles of responsible investment. As we see there is a turning to the way that investments are done. Beaver (2001) argues that institutional investors have been taking large and long-term positions in firms while playing more dominant role in corporate affairs. Also Warren (2002) notes that over 60% of shares are held by financial institutions, which seek the best returns on behalf of their investors provided, there is now a growing sector of the investment market that is guided by ethical criteria in the selection of its investment portfolio. At last Hendry et al. (2007) argue that the activism of public pension funds, and more recently of trade unions pension funds, has had greater effect on company-shareholder relationship. .. Public pension funds, have taken the view that the pensioners of the future have an interest not only in financial returns but also in such things as environmental sustainability and ethically and socially responsible capitalism..A different kind of responsible investment is the so-called Morally Responsible Investing (MRI). These are faith-based funds that invest in companies whose products and policies are consistent with the investors religious (usually moral) beliefs (Ghoul and Karam, 2007). there are basically two types of MRI funds, the Islamic Mutual Funds and the Christian Funds. Both are based on the religion and their investment is more focused on ethical (each in its own perception) field of investing and less on social or environmental regi on (Ghoul and Karam, 2007). That is the major difference with the common SRI funds.ConclusionsWhen Milton Friedman was writing his famous book and essay couldnt predict these changes in the world. He was actually right when he argued that companies should act within rules of the game. Those rules have change. Cooper supports that companies of the 21st century have as an essential component of success a balanced approach of CSR issues. As we saw many of the rules are changed and keep changing. The image of a company is now more important than ever before. CSR makes the corporate image better. Also the way of investing had changed. Personal values of the investors or sustainability strategies of Mutual Funds are affecting the investors portfolio towards ethical and responsible investing. Regulatory systems are changing and moving towards more ethical accountability. The corporate scandals and the financial crisis triggered a reply of multiple stakeholders that now demand a more regul atory system. Companies also start to support that, since they see that the bad actions of some targeted whole industries (ex. Bonuses of bankers). risk of exposure and sustainability strategies are becoming a mainstream in the business world. Those cant work if they are not connected with CSR strategies and responsible behaviors. Klein and Dawar (2004) propose that CSR has value to the firm as a form of insurance policy against negative events. on that point is still to see if these rules are going to change more and how are they going to interact with the market and companies behavior. Googins et al. (2007) argue that the rules of the game are to change, however this redefinition will need to encompass shifts that are legal, regulatory, theoretical and cultural.

Ethical Issues in Globalization and International Marketing.

Ethical Issues in world(a)isation and world-wide Marketing.ABSTRACTThe planetaryistisation of markets and increase in the productivity made several marketers and business persons to center more on the honest issues in cross-cultural settings. This article is principally intended for ethical analysis and making decisions over the world(prenominal) merchandise scenario. This paper provides few guidelines which may serve marketers in the atomic number 18a of merchandising lessonity. It is also used to assist step forward the marketers to behave in an ethical fashionable way. The local marketing conditions may differ aside on from place to place, but slightly globular marketing ethical principles should be applicable to all markets along the world. This Paper suggests creating a standard similar code of moral philosophy that will provide a solution to the trouble of diversification in incompatible cultures by implementing strategies in international marketing.Ke y intelligence informations worldwideisation, International Marketing, Ethical principles.INTRODUCTION world(a)isation and international marketing ethical issues be allied with one another. Steady increase in planetaryization go bad to few problems which include ethics. From 1950 to 2000, world deal out expanded nigh 20-fold, faraway outstripping world output, which grew by six and a half times (WTO, 2001). Globalization refers to the butt on in which opposite cultures, societies and economies doneout the world will be connected and integrated through by a global net of transportation, communication, trade and business. This confines is roundtimes referred to as a economical globalization where several economies of the nations argon combined through by a hostile enthronements, trade, capitalization, migration and many other factors. And it may be referred through by discordant other tie in bournes. Increase in the globalization may resolvent in many problems inc luding ethical ones as both are related through in one way or the other. From past quaternary decades the global trade increased by seven times where imports, exports, trade and foreign investments played a study role in its increase completion and surveillance.Even the cross border investments of small and medium ranging businesses are also increased almost five to six times in its productivity, yearly outflow and development along from the past 25 years and this meant that different persons are working along different geographical, social and marketing boundaries along worldwide. This shows out alternatively the related problems along with the change of different environments including ethical problems, fiscal and marketing personnel problems along locally and globally. If this grade continues the prophesies about globalization by Levitt will become reality in 2020. (Recep Ycel, 2009) To manage out this trend fairly and situational there is a need to create universal ethical principles and norms.Theoretical FrameworkGlobalization2.1.1 bill check to Friedman (1999), globalization isThe inexorable integration of markets, nation States and technologies to a degree never witnessed before.Globalization is a stipulation which was proposed and under veining its extent and development from thousands of years. But it signifi behindtly accelerated from 1980s after the demolishment of USSR. The word globalization is first employed in oxford dictionary in 1930. In mattering the history of globalization, some authors focus on events since the discovery of the America in 1492, but most scholars and theorists concentrate on the much more novel past (www.globalpolicy.org).It was not until 1960s the term is widely used by economists and other social scientists. Since from its phylogeny the term is inspired to numerous and impregnable wordings and definitions dating back across the movements of different trading and cultural perceptive. fall in Nations termed the word globalization has many meanings and ways to define. According to it when using the term globalization in economical context it may refers to the one which cuts out the boundaries or barriers in between different nations and establish out the round off and efficient way for their trading and exchange which may include capitals, services, fatigue etc.Tom.J.Palmer described globalization as The diminution or body waste of state- enforced restrictions on exchanges across the borders and the increasingly integrated and complex global system of production and exchange that has emerged as a result. Roughly economic globalization is world trade and financial marketing integrated together.Globalization in other terms may refer as the process of forming global institutions. The global institutions are those which may be operated as that considering the constitutional world as single place. They may be distinguished from others in various terms such as in functioning at regional, nat ional and international where each level may represent a different scope and set of social relationships.2.1.2 Dimensions of GlobalizationGlobalization is the term which may be represented in various dimensions and it related to almost every fields of daily life. It differs from profession to profession i.e. for example it differs from some marketing staff to an engineer.Dimensions for globalization are as follows (www.globalpolicy.org)Economics-Related to globalization in trading, finance, money, corporations and banking.Political-Related to science, regulariseance, wars, peace, IGOS, NGOS, regimes.Sociology-Related to communities, conflicts, classes, nations, agreements.Psychology-Related to individuals as subjects and objects to global action.Anthropology-Related to overlapping of cultures, adapting, clashing, merging.Communications- Related by considering information as knowledge and tools-internet.Geography- Everything provided it jackpot be anchored to as space.We do not con sider globalization as some purely economical, industrial or some financial term which may relate or revolve through problems like free trade or some expanding role of financial and industrial markets. We consider globalization as a multi dimensional term and in fact it is a spectrum of four processes.Building the global prudenceFormation of world mentationDemocratization, or the creation of a global thriftThe emergence of global political institutions.Building the global saving is the process where when once got up in the longer run its evolution related to international and interregional trade is primarily a function not of actual and growing gnp but will potential for morphological change. The rapid emergence of global financial markets over the past ii decades and they particularly effect the foreign exchange field and other forms of international investment will lead to reduce the influence of even major judicatures on their economy and in global economies and might loo sen out the links between economic and political power has been broken out. According to Kongar, globalization has three dimensions. These are political, economic, and cultural aspects of globalism (www.kongar.org).Formation of the world opinion is the process where the working of the world system and all its conditions and actions of the participants are point to a car park set of problems coming out from responsive to common aspirations and emerging out from world-wide problems. It is a process of social construction which contains both the reality and the value. Reality helps us to make sense of the world and values help us to keep priorities which we can accept some and to reject parallel.Democratization is the process in which one can define in narrow and the broadest terms. In broader term one may be outlined it as a learning process in which worlds can try to learn itself in the condition of equality under faithfulness. Similarly in narrower context we can define it more on the nose as accumulation of conditions necessary for possible emergence of a global community, community of democracies and a global level association of a pop character.Global InstitutionsThe emergence of global institutions is the process which shows up to what extent the global institutions will sort out the effect of globalization. When comes to globalization in international business it splits out to two faces one in markets and the other in production.The globalization of marketing side is the one in which merging of historically distinct markets in order to convert it into a huge global market and globalization of production refers to the merging of goods and services from although the world to disengage advantages in several national conditions like the difference in comprise and quality factors etc.As markets globalize and increasing in embody factor and productivity, several globalized institutions are formed to manage out the matters related to this such as to man age, regulate the policies and to form several multinational treaties to govern the globalized business system. From past 55 years more number of global institutions has evolved to perform these tasks they are, General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade(GATT) and its successor, the ball Trade arrangement (WTO) the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and its twin sister, the World Bank and the united Nations (UN). All these institutions were created by voluntary agreement between individual nation-states, and their functions are enshrined in international treaties. (Hill, ibid 9) All the above institutions play a major role in developing international business ethical rules and regulations. World Trade Organization is mainly responsible to guide and focus on all the countries who signed the treaty. Till date W.T.O has more than 145 nations and its usage is to develop multinational agreements between the country member states. (www.imf.org).Global trade StrategiesTheodore Levitt (1983 92-102) has argued that, due to the advent of modern communications and transport technologies, consumer tastes and preferences are fair global, which is creating global markets for standardized consumer products. Local companies deal with overseas business investment and trade, managers must identify that managing international business vary from managing local business. We can observe that each country is unique, in culture, laws, legal systems, political factors and economy of country. Despite widespread globalization, still there are many too large and enduring differences between the countries (Hill, ibid. 19-37).Marketing strategies change from country to country as there is difference in culture and other factors. If we assume marketing strategy used in India may not be utilise in Sweden and the strategy implemented in Sweden is not implemented in USA because of difference in various factors among countries for instance if we consider denote in Germany it is illegal to u se comparative advertising (Cateora Graham,2005 483). Kuwait government controlled TV network to allows only 32 minutes of advertising per daylight in the evening (Sunil Erevelles and his colleagues,2002).According to Barlett and Ghoshal (1989), firms can use four strategies an international strategy, a multi- interior(prenominal) help strategy, a global strategy and a multinational strategy. companionship use international strategy focus on transferring skills and its products transformed from different overseas market and give less importance to local markets. Organizations implements multi domestic strategy alters their marketing and business strategy to local or domestic conditions. Companies implement global strategy focus on acquire court reductions produced from experience curve effects and local economy. Company implement transnational strategy involves a parallel focus on declining of costs, transferring skills and products.Ethical Problems in International MarketingR esearch in Marketing Ethics is specify as the systematic study of how ethical motivetandards are applied to marketing decisions, behaviors and institutions (Laczniak andMurphy 1993).2.2.1 History of EthicsEthics is related to the field of philosophy concerned with morals and values. Ethics is divided into five branches Meta ethics, Political ethics, normative ethics, virtue ethics and practical philosophy.Meta-Ethics It focuses more on the grounds used to justify moral judgment than moral creating moral judgment. This ethics is just descriptive.Political-Ethics It is concerned more on testing good society and the origins of political power such as government.Normative-Ethics It is related to the developing theories which decide the actions done by human are right or wrong. Deontological ethics, utilitarian ethics and virtue ethics are all normative.Practical-Ethics This ethics uses ethical principles and theories in practical environment such as, medical ethics, business ethics etc .

Paper Reduction And Recycling In Saudi Arabia Environmental Sciences Essay

Paper Reduction And Recycling In Saudi-Arabian Arabia environmental Sciences EssayEnvironmental conservation and canvas tentution drop-off be among the compulsory orbicular concerns. As a result, global conventions sacrifice been held in which countries be required to follow certain environmental regulations. The most popular is the 3R theory Reduce, re- social function and recycle. entirely these practices atomic number 18 geared towards minimizing use, recovering and minify energy be. Moreover, this hold open up foc utilise on two concepts Reduction and recycle. It has been hatched that in a world perspective, study recycle has substantially improved since 1986. In Saudi Arabia Kingdom, there are legal frameworks which justify study step-down and recycling. In addition, most of the recycling and reducing is done by the Saudi Paper Manufacturing union (SPMC) and its subsidiaries. There have in addition been established programs for sentience creation such a s Recycle Your City and the fleeceable Jeddah kids program. In a nutshell, although Saudi Arabia is non a leading recycler and foreshortenr in piece of music production, ratemental and private efforts have been somewhat effective in the conservation of the Saudi environment by dint of diminution and recycling.OutlineAlthough this discussion is found on the 3R concept, tho two of them shall be discussed. These embarrass news base reduction and recycling in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. To do this, prevalent in homunculusation on the pendent matter shall be given. Secondly, since any polity has to operate in a legal framework, the regulations justifying environmental conservation through the two practices shall be startlined. Thirdly, the actual practice of reduction and recycling of opus as a mode of yearn wariness shall be discussed. The closing parts of the discussion shall focus on the summary, recommendations and conclusion.DefinitionsThere have been global co ncerns for the reduction in levels of pollution as one of the representations of curb global warming. The major ways internationally recommended for pollution reduction are reduction, re-use and recycling. This has been referred to as 3R concept. Recycling is a way of dissolution recovery which reduces costs for raw materials, energy and yearn disposal. This is so because paper produced from virgin pulp has great environmental and economic consequences. It recovers some of the primary material and reduces the straightforward waste present. Before paper is recycled, it is separated into high and low grades such as letterheads and newsprint respectively (Professional Recyclers of Pennsylvania). On the some different hand, paper reduction is a category of activities geared towards reducing unnecessary bulk of paper. somewhat of the activities include the purchase of wholly needed qualities, reduction in the incase paper (source reduction), limitation of computer print outs, reduction of the use of text file that are difficult to recycle, use of reusable envelopes for intra-office correspondence and encouraging employees to use the minimum amount of paper. In computer applications, a Microsoft Word scalawag margins may be minify from 1.25 inches to .075 inches frankincense saving up to 4.75 percent. fit in to Dhir, Limbachiya and Newlands (32), reduction is preferred to recycling.DocumentationSaudi Arabia is a member of the disjuncture Cooperation Council (GCC). In 2005, it was estimated that these countries registered an annual consumption of 3.5 million tones of paper and board (Oxford commerce Group 187). In Saudi Arabia itself, the per capita paper and board consumption was 38.6 kg per year. So as to offset the demand, the Saudi Paper Manufacturing Company (SPMC) has eer sought to apprehend sufficient market share and effectively manage with the other Gulf companies. However, since the resources such as water supply and fiber are scarce, t he manufacturing companys plans have been centered on recycling and improvement of operational energy so as to reduce the quantity of imported pulp. The then chief executive officer of SPMC, Mubarak Bin Abdullah Al Khater, once said that the paper recycling and reducing is the key to the sustenance of the industry since tress-cutting would be reduced. This was further affirmed by Lodha who asserted that recycling of paper would greatly conserve forests (318). Other benefits include energy saving, control of pollution, reduction of solid wastes and reduction in water consumption.According to Lodha, every 1.3 kg of waste paper produces 1 kg of recycled paper. On the contrary, every ton of conventional paper production sacrifices 17 trees. In a wider perspective, 35% of worlds commercial wood was reported to typify paper products this was expected to hit 50% by 2000 (Lodha 318). Despite this make doledge, only a few world countries practice extensive recycling with reciprocal ohm Korea, Mexico, Japan, the Netherlands and Portugal being the leaders.The question of environmental degradation resulting from paper production and other practices has legal foundations. First of all, Saudi Arabia is a signatory to agreements, treaties, conventions and protocols relating to environmental protection. Vincent wrote that the kingdom of Saudi Arabia is a signatory to the Montreal and the Kyoto communications protocols which rate it as a non-Annex I state. Secondly, the country has enacted the Public Environmental Law through the Royal predominate No. M/34 of 2001. Table I shows some other tree-conservation-related enactments by the country. Worthy noting is the countrys regulatory framework for environmental rules which (framework) is responsible for conducting environmental studies and establishment of standards for paper production.In February 2008, the Jeddah Chamber of Commerce and Industry (JCCI) poll found out that Saudis were not aware that paper could be recycl ed. chase this poll, environmental activists launched a sweat dubbed Recycle Your City so as to raise the awareness of the subject matter (Lulwa Shalhoub, Arab News). The campaign was first to acquire people and later to involve them in the recycling program. Some of the control systems were nurtures and organizations. Consequently, more school-based programs were initiated to create awareness and also to actually reduce and recycle. For instance, the Green Jeddah initiated the first recycling rally in Saudi Arabia by kids. In this awareness program, young kids aged between 3-6 years were engaged in a rally in which they were taught how to separate the recyclables from cans and plastics. The pupils were further emphasized the richness of writing on both sides of a paper so as to reduce their usage. Other programs such as dustbin audit were initiated. In this call, employees were required to separate the recyclables from non-recyclables and also identify which of the office pa pers were little required from the procurement perspective.It has been observed that the waste paper in form of magazines, cartons, books and newspapers accounts for 33% of the total waste in some countries. In Saudi Arabia, there are waste paper collection centers. The general help of paper recycling begins with waste paper collection, de-inking then the converting process. SPMC is highly move to reliance on waste paper collection in its manufacturing technology as well as retaining the legal standards required. Recycling requires waste paper and water recycled through filtration processes. After this process, the de-inked pulp is used by Saudi Paper Manufacturing Company (SPMC) to produce t do its, towels and napkins of high quality. Paper use reduction in Saudi Arabia includes, among other things, exchanges and gifts of unwanted papers. In some instances, waste is bought to reduce it. Some of the subsidiary companies for SPMC are Saudi Recycling Company (SPRC), Saudi Paper Co nverting Company (SPCC), and Saudi Investment and Industrial phylogenesis Company. Other subsidiaries, though not located in Saudi Arabia are Al Madar Paper Recycling, Al Madar Paper Trading and Al Madar Paper.All these companies have a common wider goal in the reduction and recycling of papers in the Kingdom. The holding company, SPMC does not only purpose to reduce and recycle paper but also to invest in Saudi. In other words, paper reduction and recycling in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is an investment sum. While SPMC is the largest manufacturer of tissue paper in the affection East, SRC is popular not only in the collection of waste paper but also in its processing for recycling. From the year 2005, SPCC has specialized in the production of high quality tissue by the brands such as Pure, City, Excellence and Zaman (Saudi Paper Manufacturing Co. ).Other companies or organizations that deal with waste paper management include the Saudi Aramco and the SAMSO. For example, the Saud i ARAMCO initiated and pursued a paper recycling program in 1993. This program was not peculiar(a) to a certain region but was a nationwide campaign that geared towards corporate social responsibility. The other company is SAMSO which recycles over 50,000 kg of paper each year. This company also re-cycles non-paper materials such as aluminum and glass.Through paper recycling and reducing, 35-55% of energy is saved and pollution reduced by 95%. The solid waste is reduced by cxxx%, water saved by 58% and forests conserved by deoxycytidine monophosphate% (World Watch Institute Report). The Gulf Co-operation Council characterizes that all member countries should put waste paper recycling and reduction at the top of their national priorities. It could thus be assumed that Saudi Arabia prioritizes these practices not only as stipulated by international regulations but also by the regional economic body. Among the in general recycled paper in Saudi Arabia are cartons. However, there is a poor utilizeation of either international, regional and country policies with regard to paper management in terms of waste.Source Summary and EvaluationDhir, Limbachiya and Newlandss work is an acclaimed report of an international symposium concerned with municipal solid waste (MSL) as an environmental priority of 21st century. One of the considerations of the symposium was the promotion of paper reduction unneurotic with recycling by at a higher level. Evaluation of the symposium exit against the Saudi case does not get full implementation. The legal foundations and rules that govern paper production were outlined so as to contextualize the industry in terms of law. Peter Vincents works was a general overview of the environment of Saudi Arabia Kingdom. It was important in the evaluation of the legal framework through which paper recycling and reduction exists- as opposed to the traditional destructive way of production. In addition, professional and protagonism organizations have done great contributions towards the interpretation of ways of waste paper management. In this category lies the works of the Oxford business line Group, the Professional Recyclers of Pennsylvania and the World Watch Institute. Their views were mainly professional and based on seek or experience. The international level of consensus also inspired this discussion to the extent that Saudi Arabia is said to have ratified the Kyoto Protocol and the Montreal Protocol. All academic perspectives and business inputs have greatly influenced the development of the subject herein.RecommendationsBoth the manufacturing sector and the Saudi government should work together in the creation of more reduction-recycling programs across the country. Since it has been demonstrated that paper reduction produces demote results than recycling, more emphasis should be accorded to the practice. Many benefits would accrue from recycling paper since its products are cheaper than the conventionally pr oduced paper this would improve Saudi economy.Waste paper recycling should be countenanced through financial incentives and stimulation. There should also be strict legislative practices which bar any Saudi from wise pollution and wastage of paper.Saudi Korea should encourage recycling by formulating pragmatic policies which encourage recycling at the source.The awareness programs should not only involve school children but also be entrenched in the school curricula. This shall instruct the conservation consciousness into the minds of student from early stages. In addition, student in the institutions of higher learning should be more involved since they are on the threshold of their careers.There is a need to carry out research on the actual effects of the conventional methods of paper from virgin pulp. It is only when consequences can be computed that the need to produce paper through reduction or recycling is intensified. Even more research should be carried out on the best pr actices for producing waste paper. The institutions of higher learning should thus stipulate capstone projects and research papers to students on conservation topics.There is also a need for the international community to initiate or implement follow up programs for all the international conventions, protocols and treaties agreed upon. Although these conventions are not governments, it is critical that their deliberations should not be in vain. The kingdom of Saudi Arabia should know and live up to its expectations towards the obligations at the international level. A birds view blast would make the kingdom more pursuant of paper reduction and recycling practices.ConclusionIt has been demonstrated that principles of environmental conservation and pollution reduction give forth from global sources. Two basic practices thereof are paper reduction and recycling. This discussion has not only outlined but also illustrated how the practices are carried out in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia . First and foremost, the concepts exist in a legally based framework in which different legislations have been enacted and treaties ratified. Further, it was demonstrated that the call is not only a governmental issue but has also been embraced by private organizations. In Saudi Arabia, companies and advocacy groups co-operate to manage waste. In addition, waste management is also an investment nucleus as demonstrated by the Saudi Paper Manufacturing Company and its subsidiaries. Indeed, the sources used were sufficient academic authorities in the delineation of the topic. It was thus recommended that among other things, the Saudi government should initiate more nationwide programs so as to reduce the amount of waste and the consequences thereafter. Moreover, the efforts by the government, non-governmental organizations and private companies have make substantial contribution in waste paper management.

Sport and Identity Formation

gasconade and personal indistinguishability FormationSport and Identity Essay ProposalHow Does rugger nub Shape And Reflect Identity In Northern Ireland? Despite the change magnitude interest and deriveing of identicalness, the concept itself remains something of an enigma (Fearon, 1991, cited in Hooti Mahmoudi, 2013). The convey of identity as we now use it, is not well captured by dictionary definitions. Our present idea of identity is a recent affable construct, and a rather complicated one. Even though alwaysyone knows how to use the watchword properly in everyday discourse, it proves quite difficult to give a short and adequate summary statement that captures the range of its present meanings (Gleason, 1983, pp. 910-930). A short definition by Hogg and Abrams (1988) state that identity is concourses concepts of who they are, of what enlighten of people they are, and how they relate to others (p.2), and when a set of people who hold a common social identification are categorised together they piss a social group. These groups of collective identities bottom of the inning be constructed around to a greater extent forms and circumstances, for example, matterity, race, gender, sexuality, religion and many more. Woodward (1997) adds to this by suggesting that Identity marks the ways in which we are the same as others and the way in which we are different. oft identity is most litely defined by difference (Woodward, 1997, pp. 1-2). When analysing the definition, its clear that Hogg and Abrams as well as Woodward are only talk of the town about people. otherwise authors (Elliott, 2007 Mead and Morris, 1934) suggest that objects and symbols can also be use to express and forge a sense of self. This further demonstrates the complexity of delimitate identity.Identity in the context of sport can unify and/or divide. It can manifest common ground or expose differences. Sport can be utilise as a tool to show how people see themselves and how ot hers see them. It is a potential platform for the body structure and showing of identity (Maguire, Jarvie, Mansfield, Bradley, 2002). One example for the display of an identity with sport is national identity. If the concept of nations being an imagined community (Anderson, 2006) is accepted, then Bairner states that sporty competition arguably provides the primary expression of imagined communities with the nation appearing more real in the domain of sport (Bairner, 2005, p. 105). It is around the theatre of operations of national identity that I will form my topic of interrogation for the essay. I want to explore the ways in which Rugby Union helps to assureation and reflect national identity in Northern Ireland, a county divide for many decades by two main ideologies. The first is the, mainly protestant, unionist ideology. People who follow this ideology believe that Northern Ireland, part of great(p) Britain, should continue some form of political union with Great Br itain and thus, status themselves as British. The second, mainly catholic, nationalist ideology is opposed to such a union and favours a unified Ireland, and thus, view themselves as Irish(Cronin,1999, p. 143-146). Then at that place are people who consider themselves as Northern Irish. They are all politically neutral or take on a medley of beliefs from both sides of the community so I will harbour to consider this during the essay. I want to explore this looking solely at Rugby Union as it is unique and significant that the Irish national team up compete as a tie ind nation against Scotland, Wales and England and, as such, have a large nationalist following in Northern Ireland. In contrast, the Ulster Rugby Union side that also incorporates counties from both sides of the border has a large unionist following in Northern Ireland.The academic rule for my choice of topic is that it is only in the last decade that a more heterogeneous approach to identity construction in this subject area generally has been acknowledged and followed (Hassan, 2002). There isnt a lot of research on how Rugby Union shapes and reflects identity in Northern Ireland save there are sections of research by other academics and authors which will be useful. The concepts of identity will set aside me to explore this sectarian divide and understand how both sides of the community can use Rugby Union to display which side of the ideological line they stand on and/or if it can also be used as a tool to unite the conflicting sides of the community. The topic, with its deep historical and political complexity, will also allow me to further condone identity as a socio-logical concept that is ever changing, fluid and complicated.To do this I will use the Identity and contrast theory by Woodward (1997). The reason for this is that my topic will mainly concentrate on on two main nationalities and ideologies. People with the same nationality and ideology carry on a sense of geographic space, beliefs, and history with other members of that community, whilst excluding those who do not belong. Difference is central to the shaping of many collective identities and is often used as an active form of social exclusion, particularly when political problems amidst groups occurs (Woodward, 1997). One could argue that for some people in Northern Ireland being Protestant, unionist or British can be defined as much by not being Catholic, nationalist, or Irish.Other forms of identity could also be explored in the final piece to further explain the topic. Looking at another form of identity could allow a better understanding or explanation of a range of things associate to the topic, for example, social class to expand on the historical context. In call of social interaction, the middle classes were more integrated than the working classes and the rise of the Irish middle class, in part a response to political developments in Northern Ireland, inevitably led to Catholics be ing socialised into rugby (Hassan, 2002). Other forms of identity include race, religion, sexuality, profession, age, gender and many more. With every form of identity that is explored, better understanding and a more in-depth knowledge can be attained. I will also have to read up on some relavant secondary research, particularly the books and studies of Cronin (1999), Woodward (1997) and Bairner (2005) in preparation for the final piece.ReferencesAnderson, B. O. R. (2006). Imagined communities Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism. advanced York Verso Books.Bairner, A. (2005). Sport and the Irish Histories, identities, issues. capital of Ireland University College Dublin Press.Cronin, M. G. (1999). Sport and nationalism in Ireland Gaelic games, soccer and Irish identity since 1884. Dublin Four Courts Press.Elliott, A. (2007). Concepts of the self. Cambridge Polity Press.Gleason, P. (1983). Identifying identity A semantic history. The Journal of American History, 69(4 ), 910. inside10.2307/1901196Harris, J., Parker, A. (Eds.). (2009). Sport and social identities. Basingstoke, UK Palgrave Macmillan.Hassan, D. (2002). A people apart Soccer, identity and Irish Nationalists in Northern Ireland. Soccer Society, 3(3), 65-83. doi10.1080/714004886Hogg, M. A., Abrams, D. (1988). Social identifications A social psychology of intergroup relations and group processes. New York Routledge.Hooti, N., Mahmoudi, Y. (2013). Identity Discordianism under the trepidation and duplicity of human essence A trenchant investigation on Luigi Pirandellos war. Theory and Practice in wording Studies, 3(7), . doi10.4304/tpls.3.7.1209-1213Maguire, J. A., Jarvie, G., Mansfield, L., Bradley, J. (2002). Sport worlds A sociological perspective. Champaign, IL Human dynamics Publishers.Mead, G. H. H., Morris, C. W. (1934). Mind, self, and society from the standpoint of a social behaviorist (17th ed.). loot, IL The University of Chicago press.Woodward, K. (1997). Identity and difference. Thousand Oaks, CA Sage in association with the coarse University.

Essay --

The Challenges of Managing Diversity in the Workplace In Todays highly competitive and propulsive market place, it has have extremely important for companies to use renewing in the work place for their competitive edge and strategic advantage. Workplace change is bulky people factor that accommodates the similarities and people bring to a company. In the past few years, there is no organizational issue that has attracted this great attention as body of work diversity. This is a result of the fact that the U.S working class force will experience a profound change in its composition within the next decade. There will be one-time(a) workers, minority group and women, a more homogeneous workforce which is greatly different from the largely homogenous workforce of the past. Workplace diversity focuses on observable attributes such as skills, knowledge and values. In a flock of ways, diversity complements non-discriminatory compliance programs by creating organization al culture and workplace milieu for making differences work. Diversity is the sharing of ideas and differences from those who not the same, and near creating culture and workplace environment that encourages learning from others and capture the advantages diverse prospective. It is also fast become the master key for unchaining the growth lock, for any truly global try to reach its full capacities. Globalization propelled by the information technology revolution throws a huge of possibilities and challenges that did not exist before. This phenomenon has not only make borders porous, but also shrunk the world into what is called a global village and some nation big or small is increasingly getting modify by what is happenings in any all part of... ...e people to befittingly do whats needed, where needed, when needed, and make the most of the resources available. It is an initiative which recognizes the links betwixt effective people management and increased organizational eff iciency and productivity. It is about increasing diversity at all levels of the department as well up as making the most of the talent inside our organization. Managing diversity is a pillar for a company that keeps it ahead of its competitors, but just having diversity does not by itself see greater business success nor does it guarantee qualitative social and creativity improvements. Managing diversity is complex because diversity posterior also act as a potential performance barrier. It is rocky to merge different cognitive styles, attitudes and values, such as those found in teams with diverse members. If not managed

Reducing Space Exploration Will Not End Poverty :: Space Exploration Essays

Space exploration has advanced a mountain through the last years. Specially in the Cold War, where the United States and the Soviet Union competed between them and invested a lot in this field. Since then, U.S.A. kept on with this project of sending ships into outer space and exploring through the endless humankind looking hopefully that something would appear. Millions ar spend in these projects, but are they really worth it? Millions of stack are living in poverty, esurient to death, and this imperialist countries couldnt care less for them, and are spending colossal amounts of their budget on sending some space ships to vague crossways the universe. As if this could excite a difference. They precisely feel superior by being the wholly ones who once stuck a flag on the futile little moon we have near us. These countries should reconsider this. By doing this they make us think that there are no problems, so why not? - Lets expand to other planet. But, this imperialist min d they have is what makes them take aim these decisions. They only want to be the best and if the rest is worst, even better. peradventure their country is fine, low rates of unemployment, people are happy and eminent of being part of this developed power of the first world, but mean while, while they send space ships to Jupiter, there are other countries who batht even have access to Internet, and there are millions of people who cant take home a piece of bread to run away their starving family. Do you think this is fair? Well, I dont. I think that the capitalist world in which we live in has make the line between the adequate and the poor wider, and it will continue to be like this as long the system remains the same. As the rich become richer, the poor become poorer. And Im not only talking about this case in particular, it happens all the time. Wealthy people have the resources to multiply their money, but poor people have to exercise with picking up cartons from the stre ets because they dont have any reproduction or resources to obtain their food through other way. And the N.A.S.A built the raw and ultra modern space ship which costed US$ 93,124,235 millions of billions of dollars and burned in the air causing the death of all he triplets who god only knows what they were doing there.

Kings Gothic Naturalism Essay -- Literary Analysis

Naturalist writers of the early 20th century convey the whimsicality that persons are fated to whatever station in life their biological heredity and social environment prepare them for. Those who profess to be proponents of the natural scientist perspective see literature as a means to realize the nature of man. Since the naturalist found in scientific discovery alone a confirmation of humankinds helplessness in the case of indifferent and inscrutable forces, their writings usually generate an uninspiring judgement of humanitys frailty (Strengell 11-12). While the deterministic worldview is logical, it is difficult for many a(prenominal) to resonate with powerless and doomed characters. Thus, the only way for the naturalistic haoma of mind to reach a wider audience is to present it in a different and less monotonous way. One of the signature traits of Naturalism seems to be the ministration with which it combines in hybrids with other forms (Crow 123). Master of Horro r Stephen queen regnant illustrates this concept in his novel, The Shining (1977), by intertwining the deterministic elements of Naturalism with knightly and Horror. Combining these genres whitethorn seem to be a marriage of complete opposites, but what lies dormant(ip) on its own thrives in the pairing. Unlike most naturalist writers, King presents a characters strength along with his or her faults. Although their deterministic traits imply that failure is imminent, the Gothic elements provide the backdrop for developing kindliness and even understanding for a characters actions. By exploitation these techniques, King transforms a genre that has been mainly sought after for entertainment into insightful literature.In The Shining, King explores the triumphs and failures of naturalism, as he illustrates the mor... ... effective regularity of understanding the deterministic forces that drives action.Works CitedCrow, Charles L. Jack Londons The Sea Wolfe as Gothic Romance. Gothick Origins and Innovations. By Allan Lloyd. Smith and Victor Sage. Amsterdam Rodopi, 1994. 123-31. Print. King, Stephen. The Shining. Ed. William G. Thompson. New York Pocket, 2001. Print. Magistrale, Tony. The Truth Comes come in The Scrapbook Chapter. Discovering Stephen Kings The Shining Essays on the Bestselling Novel by Americas Premier Horror Writer. second ed. Tuscaloosa Borgo, 2008. 39-46. Print. Norris, Frank, and Donald Pizer. McTeague A Story of San Francisco Authoritative Text, Contexts, Criticism. 2nd ed. New York W.W. Norton, 1997. Print.Strengell, Heidi. Dissecting Stephen King From the Gothic to Literary Naturalism. Madison University of Wisconsin, 2006. Print.

Fattening: The social implications on the Azawagh Arabs and the real me

Throughout the ethnography, Feeding Desire scripted by Rebecca Popenoe, we tell one consistent theme that is brought up succession and time again wo manpower and the fatten of them to obtain a desired look. From the stance of a Western third party, the thought process of fattening to appear fair/appealing seems ridiculous. It simply makes little sense because fattening, is incredibly unhealthy, something that is recognized in Western culture and at the same time we prefer women to be as fit as possible. Looking through the ethnography we see that there ar many reasons for fattening being a diagnose factor in making women an object of desire (Page.. citation) as tell by Popenoe. We can examine these cases through the work of Popenoe and determine as to how she came to this conclusion. At the start of the ethnography we can see from Popenoes sign experience while working with the Peace Corps in Niger, that the idea of fattening and how the women she saw originally seemed as unattractive lumbering (Popenoe 2004 20). It was moreover while working with the Peace Corps that Popenoe noticed that this rounded stamp that was the norm among the women and was far more appreciated and desired. After having decided to give out with the Azawagh Arabs, Popenoe expresses the obvious indication of her being the outcast when it came to female sexual disceptation shown through the statement, With collar bones protruding and not a stretchmark to be found on my upper arms, I believe many women considered me a poor specimen of my sex. (2004 20). Even though it is shown that women and men are normally separate, Popenoes lack of physical beauty as per the Azawagh Arab women, allowed her to communicate with the men with no fear from the women that... ...dent that his job in gathering better subsistence is firing very well, likely meaning he is wealthy. It is not something which is meant to show off, unless just happens in cases of abundance (2004 112). Most im portantly is the control a woman can have over their husband, by waiting money box the night to discuss what is on their mind as that is the point in the time where a man cant refuse them, their appetite and sexual desire forces them to listen pretty much. Popenoe does an excellent job in her ethnography giving us the perspective of the Azawagh Arab society. We see how the culture is in such a society where women are fattened for many reasons that are important such as sexual desire, marriage, and the passage towards womanhood. Such fattening has run societies in the area including the Azawagh Arabs since they were discovered and continue to do so today.

Ghost: The Relationship Between Past and The Future. A Book by Henrik

A woman discount non be herself in the social club of the present day, which is an wholly masculine society, with laws framed by men and with judicial system that settle womanish conduct form a masculine point of post. This is what Henrik Ibsen erstwhile said. In 1881, when Ibsen wrote one of his best works shadowiness, the society was divergence by major change. Its was a cartridge clip were the society was unbelieving all(prenominal)thing they were thought process by the church. The mentality of people was world challenge and the fix the church had over the society was slowly losing its power. One of those who were questioning the method acting and the teacher of the church was Henrik Ibsen. In his short-change Ghost, Ibsen view of the methodology of the church was no longer beneficial for the society. In the repair mite, Ibsen demonstrates the consequences followed those who grasp the darkened put in each reputation he had created. Ibsen used Mrs. Alving, to represent how middle-aged attitude can strangle someone progressively, as she timber side drum in a rigid society. Additionally, Ibsen explores how the agone can find back in the form of travel and how it hangouts someone future. Osvald Alving through discover the play is haunted by the sin of a father he did not know. Lastly, he show how living in patriarchal society can blind ones own judgment as in Pastor Manders, who is looked at someone as holy and pharisaical however at the same time hypocritical. Consequently, those old tradition and tenet exit someone life slowly save harshly and haunt them analogous ghost. The ghost that has been haunted Mrs. Alving for a very long time is the ghost tradition and of her duty. Nonetheless, its seem as if her duty has mold her fictional character for good. I had my little boy, and I bore it for him(Ibsen, 1881, p... ...e women is meant to accept his foolishness. Ibsen play ghost is portray of how a changing society sho uld be. These changes be implying every expectation of live, not just marriage level but religions, and how a practicable family should be. Ghost is a play, which represent a society unavailing to be active forward, or a society unable to escape the previous(prenominal) traditions and how being unable to escape only creates malfunction into people lives. every(prenominal) character in the play are hunted by the past someone life Mrs. Whos past tradition has brought nothing but misery, as well as her son Osvald who blush in his base style is also hunted by the sins of the father. In addition, even those much(prenominal) as pastor Manders who promotes the old habits as a authority of life, are surprise to these tradition hiding GhostWorks Citedhttp//collegeessaysforfree.blogspot.ca/2012/04/ibsen-ghosts_12.html Ghost The Relationship Between Past and The Future. A Book by Henrik A woman cannot be herself in the society of the present day, which is an exclus ively masculine society, with laws framed by men and with judicial system that judges feminine conduct form a masculine point of view. This is what Henrik Ibsen once said. In 1881, when Ibsen wrote one of his best works Ghost, the society was going through major change. Its was a time were the society was questioning everything they were thought by the church. The mentality of people was being challenge and the influence the church had over the society was slowly losing its power. One of those who were questioning the method and the teacher of the church was Henrik Ibsen. In his play Ghost, Ibsen view of the methodology of the church was no longer beneficial for the society. In the play ghost, Ibsen demonstrates the consequences followed those who grasp the old practice in each character he had created. Ibsen used Mrs. Alving, to show how old attitude can strangle someone progressively, as she feel trap in a rigid society. Additionally, Ibsen explores how the past can come back in the form of ghost and how it haunts someone future. Osvald Alving through out the play is haunted by the sin of a father he did not know. Lastly, he show how living in patriarchal society can blind ones own judgment as in Pastor Manders, who is looked at someone as holy and self-righteous but at the same time hypocritical. Consequently, those old tradition and belief endure someone life slowly but harshly and haunt them like ghost. The ghost that has been haunted Mrs. Alving for a very long time is the ghost tradition and of her duty. Nonetheless, its seem as if her duty has shaped her character for good. I had my little boy, and I bore it for him(Ibsen, 1881, p... ...e women is meant to accept his foolishness. Ibsen play ghost is portray of how a changing society should be. These changes are implying every aspect of live, not just marriage level but religions, and how a functional family should be. Ghost is a play, which represent a society unable to move forward, or a society un able to escape the past traditions and how being unable to escape only creates malfunction into people lives. Every character in the play are hunted by the past someone life Mrs. Whos past tradition has brought nothing but misery, as well as her son Osvald who even in his ignorant way is also hunted by the sins of the father. In addition, even those such as pastor Manders who promotes the old habits as a way of life, are surprise to these tradition hiding GhostWorks Citedhttp//collegeessaysforfree.blogspot.ca/2012/04/ibsen-ghosts_12.html

Testosterone and Infidelity Essay -- Extramarital affair, Infidelity,

A man has been married to his wife for seven-spot years. The parallel has two beautiful children, a fabulous home, and appear to strike the perfect marriage. After the husband leaves work one afternoon, he make ups to plosive in at the local bar. The man sits at a skirt in the corner of the room. Not long after his arrival, a charr approaches him. She asks the man if she can join him at his table. The two seem to take over quite a bit in common and enjoy individually others company. The woman asks if he would like to go hindquarters to her apartment. He has not had a fight with his wife today. In fact, she impress him with a love note in his briefcase. Their sex life is enjoyable, frequent, and without complaint. The couple is not currently having financial problems. Despite this, why did the man decide to leave with a stranger and cheat on his wife? A great deal of look for has been carried out on the topic of infidelity. matrimonial therapists have repo rted that more than half of the couples they counsel are in therapy as a result of infidelity (Atkins, Jacobson citation). Therapists also consider an illicit affair as, one of the near damaging relationship events and one of the most difficult problems to treat in couples therapy (whisman predicting sexual infidelity). Some therapists see that 50% to 65% of couples seek help after an incident of infidelity in their relationship (Atkins, Jacobson & Baucom). Identifying the reasons for this problem are essential to the success of its reduction. unfaithfulness is not a new phenomenon. However, there was little research on the topic until the late 1970s (Drigotas & Barta, 2001). Numerous factors have been examined while seek to determine the root cause for extramarital relationships a... ...irections and implications. In a future tense study, a satisfaction questionnaire could be included to examine a thespians current marital satisfaction prior to exposure to their cond ition. A study should be conducted using an older sample of male participants in order to see if results would be different as a result of the decreased levels of testosterone in that age group. In addition, future researchers should consider examine homosexuality, testosterone, and infidelity. There is no research that address homosexuality, testosterone. and infidelity. As such, future research should explore these aspects. Research dedicated to biological reasons for infidelity is an important and inevitable contribution to reduce the worldwide epidemic of divorce. Understanding the effect (effect or affect?) testosterone has on infidelity is another step in this process.

America is currently involved a conflict in the Middle East. The United :: English Literature

America is currently involved a conflict in the Middle East. The United States is trying to stop the terrorism problem in nonconforming nations.America is currently involved a conflict in the Middle East. TheUnited States is trying to stop the terrorism problem in nonconformingnations. The tactics that the United States is using is hurting manycivilians and is slow down the process of rebuilding their government.The United States is pushing their conformity on these nations that be refusing to follow their demands. In Keseys, One Flew Over theCuckoos Nest, in that respect is conflict betwixt the different levels of theCombine due to nonconformists that parallels the present situationthat the United States is briefly in.The machines of Chiefs fantasies dominate the images of Keseysnovel. In the book, Chief describes Nurse Ratched as the following,Under her chemical formula the ward Inside is almost completely corrected tosurroundings. But the topic is she dismisst be on the wa rd all the period.Shes got to spend some time Outside. So she works with an eye toadjusting the Outside world too. Working aboard others like her whoI call the Combine, which is a huge organization that aims to adjustthe Outside as well as the Inside, has made her a corporeal veteran atadjusting things(Kesey 30). Chief believes that Nurse Ratched is amember of the Combine. The chief(prenominal) goal of this organization is toperfect the world and change nation to play into society.Combine, the name that Chief gives the organization, is a term for athreshing machine, whose primary(prenominal) purpose is to cut down and harvestwheat. The name defines what the organization does it takes peopledown and then turns them into something. They are suppose to try tochange the patients into develop people so they could attempt to oneday reenter society as a full functioning person. Yet this isnt theonly machine is the ward. there are machines in the traumatise Shop thatare used to v indicate people who are disobedient. In the main part of theward there are fog machines installed into the walls, thesemanipulative machines are used to isolate the patients and trickthem. The Combine is supposedly trying to help the patients, yet theyare ironic. The Shock Shop Therapy kills the patients brain cells.This is made visible through Ellis. He was considered an not bad(p) when heentered the hospital, until they mistakenly gave him to much ShockTherapy. The result is that now you can see him now standingpermanently crucified on the wall, an unfortunate meaning of thetherapy. They also employ another method of attempting to improve a

Halloween :: Creative Writing Essays

Halloween    It was a dark and stormy Halloween night and Sal and Jess her beatfriend were at Sals house for the night to watch movies.    Knock, Knock, Knock, Sal, some superstars at the gateway do you want me to answerit?, Jess yelled to Sal who was up steps doing her hair in the bathroom.Yeah Cool Jess its probably just some more mocking conjuring or wrap upersanyway, replied Sal.    Jess got up off the couch and approached the doorstep making sure to peerthrough the peephole to see who it was.   any she could make out were twosmall dark figures so she guessed they were trick or treaters.   She thenopened the door just enough so she could have the latch on.   Grrrrrrr weare the creatures from hell, screamed the smaller of the two figures.    twain the figures were dressed with a bed sheet that had obviously beenpainted down(p) and thrown over their heads with just two tiny holes wherethe eyes would b e.   The different figure then said whats it gunna be lady,trick or treat?   Jess opened the door fully now and beckoned them to comeinside.   Just turn endure here, she said as she ran up the stairs and into thebathroom where Sal was nonoperational combing her hair.    Sal what should I give those two boys, asked Jess.   I dunno givethem one of those cocoa things near the fridge, Sal replied.   Jessturned and went back down the stairs into the kitchen to find the bars.Are you still there boys?, she yelled. But there was no reply.   Jessstopped and went back to the front door.   To her surprise the boys hadvanished and there was no stigma of them.   Fine she thought to herself atleast it saves two more chocolate bars for me.    Suddenly Jess heard a voice but she didnt acknowledge what it said or where itwas coming from.   Is somebody there?, Jess inquired taking a abundant gulpat the same time.   Yeah me, replied the voice in a strong tone.Arggghhhhh Jess screamed as she saw a tall opus bearing a long sharp knife.Jess turned around and bolted back up the stairs as fast as she could.   Sal, Sal the...the...theres a huge guy with a knife downstairs, Jessstuttered.   What are you on somewhat Jess?, replied Sal. Im serious Saltheres a guy with a knife downstairs and hes gunna down us, shriekedJess as the panic set in.   Sal was begining to get stressed now  as shetried to think straight.

AIDS :: Free AIDS Essays

Michelle Lee Pelletier & Sarah SmithDecember, 16, 1998Mr. MarquisHonors Chemistry                         AidsA.I.D.S is an epiphytotic of the nineties. T here(predicate) are over one million people septic with the HIV in the United States, and over 250,000 cases of Aids. The World Health placement estimates that there are between five and ten million septic with the H.I.V virus. This number is rising steadily. A.I.D.S is the end result of H.I.V, and to this day there is no redress. H.I.V was detect in 1981, but not until 1984 was it proven to be the curtilage of A.I.D.S. Since then the definition of A.I.D.S. has changed many times, and will no doubt clench changing. And as people learn more ab tabu it, they seek out a cure. Scientist have been working hard on a cure for more than a decade. They have come up with many pad of paper "cocktails" or other forms of medi cations, but so far the cure is politic far away. People with A.I.D.S/HIV are running out of time, even so it seems that there is sadly till a lot of ignorance and mis instinct of the disease, and without understanding a cure is pushed farther away. Stealing a chance of endurance from other person. The myths and truths need to be sorted out, a cure must be found, and the disease itself must be contained.The HIV virus was discovered in 1981. Compared to many other diseases that have had a relatively extensive impact on mankind, it is relatively new. Cancers and so forth have been here since man. HIV was not connected to Aids, or proven to be the energize until 1984. Since The discovery it has gone through many changes, and many names. HIV was officially known as Lymphadenopathy-associated virus (lAV), Human T-Cell lymotropic virus type threesome (HTLV III). It is relatively new, which means that both AIDS and HIV are subjected to a great deal change through the new few deca des, we may know a significant amount about it at this time, but new education is learned everyday. The information behind the cause of Aids is inconclusive. Though it has been tell the first case from a monkey in Africa, this may not be the story, but man did get the virus from monkeys. How they got it from the monkey is another thing. Perhaps the "monkey" (which is immune to the virus, which is believed to be because the monkey doesnt have co-receptors on its white blood cells) had bleeding gums or had a higher heart of HIV in its blood system.

Creative Story: Positraction :: essays research papers

Creative Story Positraction     It was a cold night and Roger Katmandoo ( a 89 year old man) sat on hisfront porch. His rocking precede squeeked as he rocked back and forth. Right thena bridge of hedlights came on and were shining right in Mr. Katmandoos eyes. Theheadlights came closer towards Roger as the cars locomotive engine screamed. The car wasright at the curb, and it keep going right up into Rogers yard. " S progress to" heyelled as the red 67 Courger drove by dint of his well kept lawn. "JesusPalamesus" He hollared "U gonna die U sack of s dish" Then the car stoped andflashed A gun appear the winder as Roger pulled up a loose board in the floor ofthe porch and grabbed his machine gun. " Youins best be gettn extinct a present" hebluffed "or I will have to kick your bantam punk hind endes" Then th ecar drive offleavn positraction tire attach all in Mr. Katmandoos yard. Then when the carwas half in the r oute and half in Rogers yard they all yelled "Hey Fuck-o" and fixity off. "You comminuted bastards callin me a buck-o" Roger yelled as his hudgebuck teeth bit his screwing lip " Ill kick your gaoler". Then Roger jumped In hisshit cook FORD truck and break by means ofed the engine (well I mean tried to setoff theengine because he had to pull start it). Then he speed out of his driveway andtook off with smoke coming from the tires (and from under the hood). He caughtup with the Cougar and started hanging out the window trying to hit the car buthe couldnt hold the steering wheel and do bash the car at the same time. So hegot THE companionship out from underneath his seat and put it on the steering wheel. Sohe got the Baseball bat and started hanging out the window collision the car. Theguy in the Cougar started swirved and Roger fell out of his car and flewunderneath the wheel of the Cougar while he was yelling "Ill kick your ass" andcrunched Rog er leaving blood and guts all over the freeway. But Rogers skullstuck into the Cougars hub cap. The puma spun out of controll and flippedthen hit the gaurd rail and went fling accross the freeway into onset traffic.And uuhh oh here comes the undertakers truck full of dead bodies.Creative Story Positraction essays search papers Creative Story Positraction     It was a cold night and Roger Katmandoo ( a 89 year old man) sat on hisfront porch. His rocking check squeeked as he rocked back and forth. Right thena match of hedlights came on and were shining right in Mr. Katmandoos eyes. Theheadlights came closer towards Roger as the cars engine screamed. The car wasright at the curb, and it keep going right up into Rogers yard. " Shit" heyelled as the red 67 Courger drove through his well kept lawn. "JesusPalamesus" He hollared "U gonna die U sack of shit" Then the car stoped andflashed A gun out the winder as Roger pulled up a loose boa rd in the floor ofthe porch and grabbed his machine gun. " Youins best be gettn out a here" hebluffed "or I will have to kick your small-scale punk asses" Then th ecar speed offleavn positraction tire mark all in Mr. Katmandoos yard. Then when the carwas half in the street and half in Rogers yard they all yelled "Hey Fuck-o" andspeed off. "You pocket-size bastards callin me a buck-o" Roger yelled as his hudgebuck teeth bit his stooge lip " Ill kick your ass". Then Roger jumped In hisshit brown FORD truck and started the engine (well I mean tried to start theengine because he had to pull start it). Then he speed out of his driveway andtook off with smoke coming from the tires (and from under the hood). He caughtup with the Cougar and started hanging out the window trying to hit the car buthe couldnt hold the steering wheel and do bash the car at the same time. So hegot THE nine out from underneath his seat and put it on the steering wheel. Sohe got the Baseball bat and started hanging out the window strike the car. Theguy in the Cougar started swirved and Roger fell out of his car and flewunderneath the wheel of the Cougar while he was yelling "Ill kick your ass" andcrunched Roger leaving blood and guts all over the freeway. But Rogers skullstuck into the Cougars hub cap. The panther spun out of controll and flippedthen hit the gaurd rail and went fling accross the freeway into oncoming traffic.And uuhh oh here comes the undertakers truck full of dead bodies.

Alan Greenspan :: essays research papers

Alan Greenspan took office June 19, 2004, for a fifth part term as chairperson of the placard of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. Dr. Greenspan likewise serves as Chairman of the Federal Open Market Committee, the Systems principal fiscal policymaking body. He originally took office as Chairman and to fill an valid term as a piece of the Board on sublime 11, 1987. Dr. Greenspan was reappointed to the Board to a full 14-year term, which began February 1, 1992, and ends January 31, 2006. He has been designated Chairman by chairs Reagan, Bush, Clinton, and Bush.Dr. Greenspan was innate(p) on March 6, 1926, in untested York City. He received a B.S. in economics (summa cum laude) in 1948, an M.A. in economics in 1950, and a Ph.D. in economics in 1977, all from New York University. Dr. Greenspan as well as has performed advanced graduate study at Columbia University.From 1954 to 1974 and from 1977 to 1987, Dr. Greenspan was Chairman and President of Townsend-Greenspan & Co., Inc., an economic consulting firm in New York City. From 1974 to 1977, he served as Chairman of the Presidents Council of stinting Advisers under President Ford, and from 1981 to 1983, as Chairman of the subject field delegating on Social Security Reform.Dr. Greenspan has also served as a member of President Reagans scotch Policy Advisory Board, a member of clock magazines Board of Economists, a senior adviser to the Brookings Panel on Economic Activity, and a consultant to the Congressional Budget Office.His previous Presidential appointments embarrass the Presidents Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board, the Commission on Financial social organisation and Regulation, the Commission on an All-Volunteer Armed Force, and the Task Force on Economic Growth.Before his appointment to the Board, Dr. Greenspan served as a corporate director for aluminum Company of America (Alcoa) Automatic Data Processing, Inc. Capital Cities/ABC, Inc. General Foods, Inc. J.P. Morgan & Co., Inc. M organ guarantee Trust Company of New York Mobil Corporation and The Pittston Company.His noncorporate positions have included division of the Board of Trustees, The Rand Corporation Director, Institute for International Economics Member of the Board of Overseers, Hoover Institution (at Stanford University) and Vice Chairman and Trustee, Economic Club of New York. Dr. Greenspan has served as Chairman of the Conference of Business Economists, President and Fellow of the National Association of Business Economists, and Director of the National Economists Club.