Temperature Effect on Embryonic Development in Fish Eggs

Temperature tack together on Embryonic Development in Fish EggsAbstractThe uppercasetive raising of Koi jockey (Cyprinus screwio cavilio) was successfully carried out at the Directo invest of Cold piddle Fisheries Re search, Bhimtal, India. Induced breeding trials conducted on the slant revealed that the lean can be natur aloney spawned Low temperature using sGnRH one-dimensional and dopamine antagonist (Ovaprim). Spawning was observed eighteen hrs aft(prenominal)(prenominal) the injection at low-down temperature (16 2oC). The fertilized pelts were mucilaginous and filmy with diameter ranging between 0.8mm to 1.10 mm. The brooding period was one hundred twenty hours and 84 hours at temperature 15-18o C (April) and 20-26oC (August) respectively The poutlings were transpargonnt and measured 3.45-4.75 mm, with a large oval head, a hearty specify yolk sac and short tail. The yolk got fully oblivious inwardly 2-3 days and by this time mouth formation was screw and the larvae started exogenic feeding. Present study, may be useful in standardizing the ex-situ breeding protocols for Koi jockey under lower temperature.IntroductionOrnamental weight is often employ as a generic terminal figure to describe aquatic animals unbroken in the aquarium hobby (Livengood et al 2009). Ornamental fishes form an consequential commercial component of aquaculture providing for aesthetic requirements and upkeep of the environment (Swain et al 2008). regular army is the largest importer of cosmetic fishes followed by Europe and Japan. The emerging markets are China and in the south Africa. Over US $ 500 million worth of ornamental fish are imported into the USA each year (Anonymous. 2006). Indias share in ornamental fish trade is estimated to be less than1 % of the global trade. The major part of the export trade is based on wild collection. The boilers suit domestic trade in this field cross Rs 1000 hundred thousand and is accountly bending at the rat e of 20 per cent annum (NABARD). public carp (Cyprinus carpio) is one of the most important cultured fish in the world. More than 2.7 million tonnes of common carp were produced in 2000 (FAO, 2002). Koi carp is ornamental variety of domesticated common carp (Cyprinus carpio) that are kept for decorative purpose in outdoor ponds or water gardens. They belong to the family family Cyprinidae and the order Cypriniformes. It is one of the most popular and favorite ornamental fishes amongst all ornamental fish species and it has high market value for its excellent food color. The color and scale pattern of the species is passing variable. It may look like outstanding gold fish, distinguishing for its barbels at the sides of the mouth and for its coat (Ghosh et al 2012). They are beautiful and are in truth peaceful towards occupants and hence well suited to aquarium. thither is various colour variations in koi carp like white, black, red, yellow, blue and cream. akin all cyprinides, koi carp is also a nut case layer. They produce adhesive nut. This species exhibits gonochorism, external salad dressing with varied spawning frequencies (Balon 1990) and considered as batch spawner (Kalilota et al 1993). They grow up to 100 cm length with an elongate body mensu ration 3 to 4 times less in height than length. In their natural habitat, koi carp live up to 15-24 years (Kuroki, 1981).Considering the importance of koi carp, culture on the early life history of a fish is very important for optimization of its large scale seed production, culture and anxiety practices, therefore, this study was carried out to highlight whatever aspects of the early life history, the nurture biological clock of koi carp in relation back to low temperature. actual and MethodsThe fishes were purchased from Lucknow Local market during 2012. In the same day, the fishes were transported to the Fish farm, Directorate of coldwater Fisheries question (DCFR), Bhimtal. At the farm after (prenominal) disinfection, all fishes were reared in a cemented pond. The fishes were federal official with floating pellets containing crude protein 28%, crude fiber 11.1%, and carbohydrate 33% (Table 1). After proper acclimatization and maintenance, the healthy and mature breeders (90-550g) were selected according to familiar dimorphism and transferred to hatchery shed in FRP tank of size of it 200cm X 200cm X 30cm with stream through arrangement of water system. The womanlys are usually easier to identify, as abdominal cavity of a mature female is generally larger, whereas males stay streamlined and more torpedo shaped (Mihalache et al 2011). The sex ratio of the spawners was kept at 21 for male and female. The breeding class was carried out using salmon Gonadotropin releasing hormone analog and domperidone injection (ovaprim, Syndel laboratories INDIA Pvt.ltd). Brooders were administered hormone 0.6 ml per kg body weight to female and 0.3 ml per kg body weight to male i ntra peritoneal in the evening hours. The breeders set were released into FRP tank of 3000 L capacity having provision for mix through water system after the hormonal administration. Aquatic macrophyte (Hydrilla) was introduced into breeding tank for hiding purpose as well as memory adhesive ball (Haniffa et al 2006). Translucent netting at the apex also countenanced in order to observe to observe spawning behavior of fish. The orb crosshatch and larval rearing upto yolk sac absorption was taken up in the same tank that was used for spawning. The binding rate was counted by collecting random light microscope with digital camera (Nikon overshadow E100). Samples of the clod before fertilization and nurtureal time was rounded to adjacent proceeding until morula map and then to hours. In bear witness study, the ontogenesisal stagecoachs were divided up into conceptusnic and larval maturation upto yolk sac absorption. The immature stage occur inside the egg shell an d ends at the crosshatch. While, larval mannequin occur as egg hatches and ends when the larvae construct capable of exogenous feeding. The water quality of hatchery was measured for temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total fade away solids and dissolved oxygen by HANNA HI 9828.ResultsThere are few reports on breeding of koi carp in low temperature (Watson et al 2004 Ghosh et al 2012). present study spawning was noticed after 18 hours of hormone injection. The fertilized pelt of koi carp were foun to have adhesive, demersal and sticky to substratum (i.e. hydrilla). They were 0.8-1.10 mm in diameter, rounded and receivable to the adhesive nature of the egg, considerable debris adhered to the capsule of the egg. As the egg envelope is thick, transparent and sticky, observations on the developmental stages are difficult (Kovac, 2000). The eggs were deposited singly and were adhesive throughout the incubation period. The incubation period of eggs depends largely on wate r quality parameters such as saltiness and temperature (Kuo et al 1973 Lio et al 1975). In the present study, the water temperature was 15-18oC during April and 20-26oC during August, under these conditions, eggs be born out in 120 and 84 hours after fertilization respectively.Although a true metamorphosis is not generally described for fishes, the term hatchling, larvae and post larvae are used to indicate opposite stages of development from hatchling to fingerling stage (Boglinoe et al 1992). In present study, the embryonic development was divided into zygote, cleavage, blastula, gastrula and hatching period (Table 2, 3 Fig 1). The cleavage was meroblastic and the first division (2 celled stage) occurred 1 hours after fertillization, followed by second cleavage 1hour 35 minutes after fertilization. The 16 celled stage was reached 2 hours 20 minutes after fertilization. concomitant cleavage increased cell number and reached morula stage. At this stage, a cap like organize was seen over the animal pole, which gradually increases in size the blastoderm further spread over the yolk and the formation of originative ring around yolk was clearly visible within 15hours after fertillization. The yolk invasion completed after 32 hours and 13 minutes after fertilization. The head and tail ends of the embryo became distinguishable during yolk peg away stage. Yolk invasion was over and the blastopore was almost closed. The notochord was clearly seen at 46 hours and 16 minutes after fertilization. Further, embryo was elongated and encircled the entire yolk material within 48 hours after fertillization. At this stage, the front tooth posterior axis was distinguishable in broader cephalic region with explicit forebrain and narrow end as tail region. At 76 hours after fertillization cephalic region became prominent, optic lens starts differentiating and mesodermal somites (16-18) were highly visible. A heart beat (80-91) per minutes were noticed at this stage. The caudal region started detaching from yolk and head further elongated in size showing all parts of brain, heart, lens and 22-25 somites after one hundred one hours after fertillization. The beating of heart intensified 130-140 beats per minutes and tail showed lilting execution on both side one by one. At 109 hours after fertillization lens fully formed and pectoral fin develop was clearly visible. In final stage of embryonic development, the growing embryo occupied the entire previtelline space. The lashing movements, which gradually become vigorous and egg capsules, were weakened and ruptured. The embryo ruptured the egg shell by the continuous movement and hatched out at 120 hours after fertillization at 16 2o C. The hatchlings were transparent and measured 3.45-4.75 mm, with a large oval head, a well defined yolk sac and short tail. The yolk got fully absorbed within 2-3 days and by this time mouth formation was complete and the larvae started exogenous feedingDiscussionTe mperature is one of the most decisive environmental variables affecting embryonic development in fish eggs (Bermudes and Ritar, 1999 Kamler, 2002 Yang and subgenus Chen 2005).Within a viable range, incubation temperature strongly affects the rate of embryonic development of fish. Generally, lower temperature retards the rate of embryonic development and higher temperature accelerates it (Marangos et al., 1986 Pepin, 1991 Mihelakakis and Kitajima, 1994 Hart and Purser, 1995 coney et al 2006). The results of present showed that water temperature has a strong effect on development rate and hatching success of koi carp. In present study, the fertilized eggs of koi carp were found yellowish, adhesive and demersal. Haniffa et al (2007) and Ghosh et al (2012) found correspondent results in koi carp and common carp. Two celled, quaternity celled, eight celled and sixteen celled stage were found 60, 95,120 and 150 minutes after fertilization respectively. connatural findings were reporte d by Ghosh et al 2012 in koi carp. They found two celled, four celled, eight celled and sixteen celled stage with in 80, 110, 140 and 170 minutes after fertilization at 17 20o C respectively. However, Haniffa et al (2007) reported that same series occurred at 60, 90, 110 and 140 minutes after fertilization at 26 28oC. In common carp, it took 30, 80, 100 and 120 minutes after fertilization at 260C for same series (Balon 1995). The entry of gastrula stage was noticed at fifteen hours after fertilization of egg at 16 20C. identical results was reported by Ghosh et al (2012) in koi carp. However, Haniffa et al. (2006) the same stage in koi carp at 7.30 to 11.40 minute after fertilization at 26-28 in summer season. Balon (1995) observed initiation of gastrulation of C. carpio occurring 6 hrs and 30 mins after fertilization of the eggs at 26-28 C. This variation might be due to low water temperature and species difference.Changes in the pattern of the entire structure of an organ in r elation to the environment are decisive for evaluating the developmental patterns of species (Balon, 1999 Mahmud et al 2012). The early development of fish is strongly affected by incubation temperature (Mahmud et al 2012). Generally, lower temperature retards the rate of embryonic development of fish and higher temperature accelerates it (Saka et al., 2001). In present study period the ambient temperature was low and fluctuating which may delay the embryonic and larval development of koi carp. A comparative study on the study of embryonic development of koi carp at different temperature is listed below (Table 3). In present study, embryo hatched out in 144 hrs after fertilization at 16 2o C which was similar to the findings Watson et al (2004). They reported the time required to hatch the embryo of koi carp in 5-7 days at 20-24 o C. Similar results were obtained by Ghost et al (2012). However, the results of present study vary from Haniffa et al 2007, who found 72-73 hours are nee ded for hatching of Koi carp. This can be attributed to different physical condition of brood fish and lower temperature of water at the time of breeding.In conclusion, Koi carp can be easily develop and bred successfully under low water temperature captive conditions similar to carp. The descriptive investigation into the embryonic development and temperature tolerance should provide valuable reading about the ability of the species to handle low temperature condition. As there are no commercial approaches of induced breeding and seed production of koi carp in the colder regions of the country but there is high demand of this ornamental fish for its colorful and attractive appearance. Hence, In spite of the long incubation period, the captive breeding, embryonic development protocol described herein should provide a base for future studies on koi carp and help in achieving conservation and commercial goals.ReferencesLivengood EJ, Chapman FA. 2009 The ornamental fish trade An intr oduction with stance for responsible aquarium cooperative extension service, institute of food and untaught science, university of Florida, Gainesville.Swain SK, Singh SK, Routray P, Barik NK. 2008 Indigenous ornamental fishes Status, Issues and strategies for propagation and conservation. e- planet 6(2) 2, 20- 22.Anonymous. 2006. Carp procreation and Seed Production. Hand Book of Fisheries and Aquaculture. Pp 248-264. Indian Council of Agricultural Research. 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